Study Guide, Principles of Marketing

Module Study Guide Taylor’s University Undergraduate Business Programs BUS2304 Principles of Marketing August Semester 2012 BUS2304 PRINCIPLES OF MARKETING Page 1 TUTORIAL 1: INTRODUCTION TO MARKETING CLASS ACTIVITIES: ? ? ? Module Information Booklet will be talked about and clarified in detail Form Groups Tutorial activities †Introducing the fundamentals ideas of advertising LEARNING OUTCOMES ? ? ? Comprehend key showcasing ideas and promoting the executives ways of thinking utilized in advertising arranging Understand the significance of advertising in strategic approaches Understand the idea of the showcasing experienceDiscussion addresses 1. What is the most stunning promoting experience you have ever had? ? Was it an individual representative or a business forms? ? Portray a circumstance where you turned into a â€Å"lost customer†. Was it as a result of poor item quality, poor assistance quality or both? Utilizing the idea of â€Å"consumer need† to d istinguish markets: What is National Express’s ‘product’? What showcase (need) does it serve? Who are their immediate rivals? What are the likely substitutes? BUS2304 PRINCIPLES OF MARKETING Page 2 What is their ‘product’?What markets do they serve? Who are their rivals? What new markets may they abuse? Diary Article: Theodore Levitt’s Marketing Myopia (1960) Students to comprehend the idea of ‘marketing myopia’ and the threats that characterizing their items and markets also barely may posture for an association. What is Cellular One selling? What promoting the executives theory do you find in proof? BUS2304 PRINCIPLES OF MARKETING Page 3 Is there anything that can't †or shouldn't †be advertised? BUS2304 PRINCIPLES OF MARKETINGPage 4 TUTORIAL 2: MARKETING ENVIRONMENT CLASS ACTIVITIES: ? ? Gathering action Discussion addresses LEARNING OUTCOME: ? ? ? Clarify how changes in the showcasing condition can impact promoting ex ercises Identify the distinctive smaller scale natural elements Identify the diverse full scale ecological variables TUTORIAL ACTIVITIES Discussion addresses 1. What are a portion of the social contrasts that you have seen when you lived or voyage abroad? ? What were a portion of the likenesses/contrasts that you watched? How much should social contrasts be considered in worldwide showcasing? 2. Envision an organization that is thinking about changing its product offering to turn out to be all the more earth well disposed, which may expand costs. Utilize the six significant powers of the macroenvironment and rundown upsides and downsides that the organization should contemplate before settling on its ultimate conclusion. Gathering Activity In a gathering †Bring broadsheet papers. Imprint/feature articles identifying with Macro and Micro condition. Clarify. Allude to models appeared by your tutor.BUS2304 PRINCIPLES OF MARKETING Page 5 TUTORIAL 3: CONSUMER BEHAVIOR 1 CLASS ACTIVI TIES: ? ? Conversation Questions Group movement LEARNING OUTCOME: ? ? ? ? Recognize the various attributes that impact customer conduct Differentiate the various sorts of purchasing conduct Identify the various stages in a purchaser choices process and apply distinctive promoting methodologies to invigorate premium/buy in these stages Identify the diverse full scale ecological components TUTORIAL ACTIVITIES Discussion questions Could KFC utilize this advertisement outside Asia?BUS2304 PRINCIPLES OF MARKETING Page 6 Group Activity 1 Examine Maslow’s 5 phase Hierarchy of requirements model. Experience the ads in your national and nearby papers, magazines and so on to check whether you can distinguish and gather in any event one commercial which centers around every one of those stages, from physiological (biogenic) through to self realization (psychogenic). Likewise consider TV channels and sites. Print out models in the event that you can. Action 2 Consider two buys you have m ade as of late e. g. soda pop (restricted critical thinking) and a vehicle, occasion, PC or a degree course. (broadened or included critical thinking). Look at for each situation how the dynamic procedure model laid out above may have contrasted. Here you may think about focusing on the evoked set and post psychological discord. Does your experience vary from the acknowledged hypothesis? In the event that so for what reason do you figure this might be? BUS2304 PRINCIPLES OF MARKETING Page 7 TUTORIAL 4: CONSUMER Behavior 2 CLASS ACTIVITIES: ? ? Conversation Questions Group movement LEARNING OUTCOME: ? ? ? Distinguish the various attributes that impact shopper conduct Differentiate the various sorts of purchasing conduct Identify the various stages in a purchaser choices process and apply distinctive advertising systems to invigorate intrigue/buy in these stages Identify the diverse large scale natural elements TUTORIAL ACTIVITIES Discussion addresses 1. Would the advertisers at Merce des be satisfied if the mentor of a brandishing group or the head educator at a grade school bought an A-Class? BUS2304 PRINCIPLES OF MARKETING Page 8Group Activity Social evaluation order The UK Office of National Statistics (ONS) created another financial characterization in 2001. The explanation was to give an increasingly complete and point by point characterization to consider more up to date work designs. Gathering 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Description Higher Professional and Managerial specialists Lower Managerial and Professional laborers Intermediate occupations Lower Supervisory and specialized Semi Routine Occupations Routine Occupations Long term jobless A B Grade C1 and C2 C1 and C2 D E Small Employers and non proficient independently employed C1 and C2Many business statistical surveying programs have discovered huge contrasts in purchasing conduct between the different social evaluations. The Market Research Society contends that this framework can be advocated as it is anything but difficult to explore and that the social evaluation seems, by all accounts, to be a sensibly decent discriminator in numerous item advertises profiled in MINTEL reports. Social evaluation reflects way of life designs and is utilized broadly by publicists while profiling customers. Questions a. How much do you believe that social class is a useful idea in improving the marketer’s comprehension of shopper conduct. . What do you the significant reactions to the social evaluation framework are? c. Think about the accompanying occupations and apportion a social evaluation to them: I. Understudy ii. Sanctioned Accountant iii. Bricklayer with City Council iv. A hiker v. A resigned retired person on state benefits vi. A High Court Judge BUS2304 PRINCIPLES OF MARKETING Page 9 vii. viii. ix. x. xi. xii. An independently employed handyman. Educator matured 23 (qualified) Teacher matured 32 (qualified) Retired representative, organization benefits Shop Assistant Unemployed ranch wor kerBUS2304 PRINCIPLES OF MARKETING Page 10 TUTORIAL 5: SEGMENTATION, TARGETING AND POSITIONING CLASS ACTIVITIES: ? ? ? Watch the video â€Å"LoReal Percier† Discuss questions Mini case conversation LEARNING OUTCOME: ? ? Distinguish the various bases for dividing customers and business markets. Assess showcase sections, select market fragments and pick advertise inclusion techniques TUTORIAL ACTIVITIES Discussion addresses 1. What is the essential method of reasoning for division? 2. What are a portion of the normal factors used to fragment a market? 3.What are the prerequisites for powerful division? 4. What is the contrast among division and focusing on? Gathering Discussion Market division is worked around distinguishing contrasts in needs between various gatherings of clients. How could a bank portion its customer showcase? BUS2304 PRINCIPLES OF MARKETING Page 11 Video: L’Oreal Watch the L’Oreal Percier video a) Who is the objective market for the item? b) Wh at bases for division has L’Oreal utilized? (Think about the significance of geographic, segment, social and psychographic)Read Tasty Bite: Coming to America (Textbook page 133) Discuss the division, focusing on and situating steps that Tasty Bite has taken in entering the US showcase. BUS2304 PRINCIPLES OF MARKETING Page 12 TUTORIAL 6: PRODUCT AND SERVICES STRATEGY 1 CLASS ACTIVITIES: ? ? ? Distinguishing mottos for brands Group movement Mini case LEARNING OUTCOME: ? ? ? Distinguish diverse item/administrations and their groupings Recognize the significance of marking, bundling and naming an item Suggest product offering and item blend systems for item/administration TUTORIAL ACTIVITIES . Brand Association and Slogans. Distinguish the brand name for every one of the accompanying trademark/state. What number of trademarks/phrases did you distinguish? 2. Brand 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Slogan Impossible is Nothing The world’s neighborhood bank It’ s the genuine article The world chief in oral consideration. The most remarkable soluble battery on the planet. Take capacity to the following level. Offer minutes. Offer life. Since I'm justified, despite all the trouble. Stir your faculties. Associating individuals. The decision of another age. There are a few things cash can’t purchase. For everything else, there’s [product name].Don’t venture out from home without it a definitive driving machine The most joyful spot on earth Put a tiger in your tank The intensity of dreams Page 13 BUS2304 PRINCIPLES OF MARKETING 18 19 20 Melts in your mouth, not in your grasp Just do it Give me a break! Peruse Pepsi Sakes bubble with constrained release soda pops (Textbook page 334) Read case 11. 2 (Textbook page 334) and answer the conversation questions. BUS2304 PRINCIPLES OF MARKETING Page 14 TUTORIAL 7: PRODUCT AND SERVICES STRATEGY 2 CLASS ACTIVITIES: ? ? Gathering action Case Study †New Belgium Brews up solid bran d value LEARNING OUTCOME: ? ? ?Distinguish distinctive item/administrations and their orders Recognize the significance of marking, bundling and naming an item Suggest product offering and item blend procedures for item/administration TUTORIAL ACTIVITIES 1. Gathering Activity †Who am I? a. Select an item class â€mobile telephones, PCs, vehicles and so forth b. Brai

Market Based Accounting Research Impacts

Market Based Accounting Research Impacts Market-based Accounting Research Presentation Bookkeeping gives budgetary information about the exhibition of an organization. This information empowers bookkeeping data clients, including financial specialists, to take their choices about putting resources into the portions of an organization. Also, bookkeeping research assesses the value of this bookkeeping information to financial specialists and different clients. The connection between the two can be analyzed through market-based bookkeeping research. Market-based bookkeeping research is a pursuit into connection between freely revealed bookkeeping data and the outcomes of utilization of this data by value financial specialists. At the end of the day, showcase based bookkeeping research analyzes the relationship between bookkeeping numbers and security return and tests whether bookkeeping information convey any data substance to security advertise. Justification for the Research Market-based Accounting Research is amazingly pertinent to the investigation of capital market productivity, CAPM, data financial matters and guideline. The primary drive of market-based bookkeeping research originates from significant improvements in money hypothesis during the most recent couple of decades, particularly in late 50s and mid 60s. These improvements incorporate portfolio choice hypothesis, Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM), and the idea of data productive capital markets followed by advancements in data financial matters, organization hypothesis and ideal motivation flagging models. The reason of this investigation has its premise in the examination here before. In the course of recent decades, a lot of research in showcase based bookkeeping research has risen to assess the helpfulness of bookkeeping information to financial specialists and the relationship between the bookkeeping numbers and security return. Truth be told in the ongoing years because of improvement of capital markets, globalization and increment in stock exchanging, showcase based bookkeeping research has gotten much progressively significant. Contemporary market-based bookkeeping research has basically centered around its universal measurement which has had significant approach suggestions for controllers and other people who manage exposure prerequisites in various stock trades. The focal point of this paper will be on analyzing how showcase based bookkeeping research impacts the sort of normal stock exchanged significant stock trades. Considering this, the investigation will look at the connection between bookkeeping numbers, securities exchange returns and market valuations. Key Aims Objectives As showed over, the prime focal point of the examination is to look at contemporary bookkeeping hypothesis and research with an accentuation on showcase based bookkeeping exploration and its effect on capital markets. As market put together bookkeeping research is based with respect to the valuation of firms and their protections, the utilization of fiscal summaries for valuation purposes, and the suggestions for monetary announcing and corporate administration, every one of these territories will frame a piece of this examination. The investigation plans to: Portray the idea of market based bookkeeping research Recognize the data substance of market-based bookkeeping research Give a knowledge into nearby economic situations just as similar universal condition of market-based bookkeeping research. Look at the job of market-based bookkeeping research and the significance of exposure of bookkeeping data on capital markets Look at how distributed data is utilized by financial specialists for structuring their exchanging techniques Portray how showcase based bookkeeping research data impacts the capital markets proficiency Portray bookkeeping based valuation and relate it to the substance of brokers’ reports Key Research Questions The three key research questions proposed to be analyzed by this investigation are: What is the job of bookkeeping data in capital markets? What is the data substance of bookkeeping data? What is the market-based bookkeeping research speculation in setting of impact on financial specialists putting resources into stocks? Another key research question is the manner by which the market responds to announced income, just as the effect of detailed profit on the properties of analysts’ conjectures. These inquiries, particularly the data substance of bookkeeping data, can be estimated by the impact of the data on security costs. While estimating the impact it is accepted that financial specialists can comprehend the distinctions in income that are because of contrasts between bookkeeping strategies. At the end of the day, the investigation depends on proficient market theory or the suspicion that stock costs precisely and rapidly adjust to all accessible data and in this manner keep people from getting unusual return. Proposed Research Methodology Wellsprings of Data/Information The examination will be both exploratory just as unmistakable and will depend on both essential just as optional wellsprings of data. Testing for Primary Information Essential information will be gathered from an example comprising of the two dealers just as individual and institutional dynamic financial specialists who have put resources into value partakes in a couple pre-chosen organizations recorded on the US or European stock trades. The time of speculation will be from 2000-2006 as 6 years is an adequate time to investigate the effect. These speculators will be picked based on the recurrence with which they put resources into the protections. Information will be gathered by regulating surveys looking for data on how these financial specialists settle on a venture choice. Wellsprings of Secondary Information The prime wellspring of optional information will be: Yearly reports of the chose organizations viable. The factors that will be engaged upon will incorporate stock returns, profits, overall gain on special, return of value, return on resource, obligation proportion, premium inclusion, current proportion, Price-winning proportion and cost. The last report will be enhanced with data from: Writing look ( allude rundown of references toward the finish of the report ) Past articles and research in the territory Web look: Searching explicit information from Yahoo and Google web search tool Information Analysis Information will be aggregated into information ace sheets. The factual portrayal for all the factors will be introduced in a different table. The different arrangements of data pooled over the multi year time of study will be unmistakably introduced in the table in setting of the different factors. The standard deviation and furthermore relationship between's the factors and the stock return will be resolved and dissected. Relationship will be founded on Karl Pearson’s strategy for connection. Notwithstanding standard deviation and connection, relapse examination will likewise be utilized for analyzing the market response to announced bookkeeping data. Relapse is utilized for examination of effect of autonomous factors on the needy variable. The reliant variable for relapse examination will be stock returns while the free factors will be profits, Net salary on Sale, return of value, return on resource, obligation proportion, premium inclusion, current proportion, and value income proportion. Relapse conditions will be illuminated utilizing Ordinary Least Square technique (OLS). Subjective information assembled from the speculators may remember assessments of respondents for a specific issues, explanations behind certain conduct and portrayals of specific techniques, practices or observations with which the analyst isn't comfortable. The information can be examined by ordering all answers into a couple of classes. References Abeyratna, G, A.A.Lonie, D.M. Force and C.D. Sinclair (1993), The Stock Market Reaction to Dividend Announcements: A UK Study of a Complex Market Signal, University of Dundee. Bonin, Joseph M. what's more, Edward A. Moses (1974), Seasonal Variations in Prices of Individual Dow Jones Industrial Stocks, Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis Charest, Guy (1978) Dividend Information, Stock Returns and Market Efficiency II, Journal of Financial Economics, Vol. 6 Dyckman, Thomas R. what's more, Dale Morse (1986), Efficient Capital Markets and Accounting: A Critical Analysis, Prentice-Hall. Cultivate, Taylor W. what's more, Don Vickrey (1978) The Information Content of Stock Dividend Announcement, Accounting Review. Vol. LIII. No. 2 Kinney, W. (April 1986.), Empirical Accounting Research Design for Ph.D. Understudies, Accounting Review Kothari, S.P. Capital Markets Research in Accounting, Journal of Accounting and Economics Vol. 31 Nos. 1-3 Ross, Stephen A. 1978, The Current Status of the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM). The Journal of Finance, Vol.XXXIII. No. 3 Scholes, Myron S. 1972. The Market for Securities: Substitution versus Price Pressure and the Effects of Information on Share Prices, Journal of Business

4 Ways Technology Is Revolutionizing Communications

4 Ways Technology Is Revolutionizing Communications Make Money Online Queries? Struggling To Get Traffic To Your Blog? Sign Up On (HBB) Forum Now!Not Your Grandad’s PR: 4 Ways Technology Is Revolutionizing CommunicationsUpdated On 19/07/2016Author : Pradeep KumarTopic : TechnologyShort URL : http://hbb.me/29RZNYu CONNECT WITH HBB ON SOCIAL MEDIA Follow @HellBoundBlogYou’re probably getting sick of hearing about technology’s power to transform this and disrupt that. It’s exciting to imagine the possibilities of a high-tech future, sure, but the implications of an increasingly efficient, automated world are far from reassuring. One has only to look to the current political landscape to appreciate the undesirable byproducts of our technological society.Ways Technology Is Revolutionizing CommunicationsThe communications industry isn’t often thought of as a vanguard of technological change. After all, the fundamental relationship at the heart of strategic communications â€" between the organizations positioning themselves for t he public, and the public itself â€" remains unaltered. Organizations still talk, and people still listen.But the conversations themselves look very different today than even 10 or 20 years ago. As new modes of communication and organization arise in the years to come, they’ll continue to evolve. Whether your company is looking to invest in strategic communications for the first time or you’re shopping for a new communications partner that (you hope) can provide a fresh perspective on branding and broadcasting in an always-connected world, you need to understand four trends that will undoubtedly affect your experience.1. Channels Are MultiplyingThis is a blessing and curse. On the one hand, the proliferation of communications channels â€" some quite narrowly tailored to consumer personas â€" makes it easier to identify and reach receptive audience groups. A comprehensive, fully utilized communications portfolio theoretically leads to a more robust, lively conversation â€" and al lows communicators to make deeper inroads with the demos they need most.On the other hand: to overmatched observers, it can appear that communications channels are proliferating like so many weeds in an untended garden. That’s overwhelming to people who don’t do this stuff for a living. It’s tougher to manage, even for competent communicators. Without an expert (or team of experts) at the helm, it can lead to oversights, self-inflicted wounds, and outright crises.READWhy Teenagers Love to have Smartphones?2. Conversants Are Smarter, More Informed Better Equipped to Call B.S.No use sugar-coating it. With so much information (and spin) at their fingertips, audiences are smarter and better informed than ever before. That means they’re more adept at â€" and, unfortunately, often relish â€" calling B.S. on less-than-plausible information.“Your audience is smarter than you think,” says Rosemary Plorin, president and CEO of Nashville-based Lovell Communications. “They’ll f orgive a lot, but not being made a fool.”3. Response Times Are Shrinking“In a crisis, you must measure your response window in minutes, not hours or days,” says Sandy Muller, a crisis communications consultant in the public safety field. “Every moment that goes by without an effective response is a moment that your opponents â€" or the gods of pure chance â€" can use to frame the situation’s terms. The longer you wait, the thicker the cast around those terms becomes.”According to Muller, effective crisis management starts with proactive monitoring. How is your organization perceived? What are others saying about it? Where and when are your employees and associates discussing, promoting or badmouthing it? The moment your team identifies a potential flashpoint, that proactive monitoring hum needs to become an active crisis response roar.3. Social Media Rules the RoostIn the span of little more than a decade, social media has transformed from an amateur curiosity into a mul tibillion-dollar industry. It’s now among the most important communications channels, both in strategic framing conversations and crisis responses. And that status actually undersells its importance somewhat, given the incredible (and ever-increasing) variety of social channels available to tech-savvy communicators. If your organization isn’t social, it’s got some serious catching up to do.Is your company keeping up with the pace of change?

Book Report on A Modern Utopia by H. G. Wells Essay

Book Report on A Modern Utopia by H. G. Wells H. G. Wells’ book, A Modern Utopia was published in 1905. This book seems to be unique for two reasons. As Wells tells us, it is told from the point of view of a whitish plump man that he calls the Voice (1). This allows the book to be what Wells calls, a sort of shot-silk texture between philosophical discussion on the one hand and imaginative narrative on the other because the Utopia that we visit in the story is the one inside the mind of the Voice or the narrator (ix). He (the Voice) is talking to a friend, a botanist that continues with him on his journeys, about utopian thought when suddenly these two men have been transported past Sirius to Utopia, the Voice’s ideal planet†¦show more content†¦The reader finds out at this point that the men had really only been on holiday and the narrator had dreamed his Utopia so intensely that he made it real for himself. The men were really still on Earth, merely having conversations about a hypothetical Utopia. Nonet heless, while reading the book, even though the reader knows that this Utopia is fabricated, it seems as if they are intruders in a new world. The world that the narrator imagines is uniquely utopian because it is not static. It is constantly trying to improve itself. Before discussion of how Utopia constantly improves itself, it is interesting to note that this statement implies that this Utopia is not perfect. This is acknowledged near the beginning of the book when the two men meet a traveler who questions the establishment and would rather there be buildings. He says; [Buildings are] a mere rash. Why should we men play the part of bacteria upon the face of our Mother?(116). Still this he is not separate from civilization, as he makes, some considerable way above the minimum wage (117). This man’s protest of the establishment is the first hint that this new world does not claim to be perfect. In fact, later in the novel, the Voice admits that There is no perfection, there is no enduring treasureShow MoreRelatedOrganizational Behaviour Analysis28615 Words   |  115 Pagespolitics of transformation and futures. No tes on Writing a Case Analysis Structuring a Case Analysis General notes on the Medical Model The Organisation is not well Structure of the Medical Model Description Analysis/Diagnosis Options Prescription/Recommendation Action Concluding theoretical commentaries Abstract References Presenting a Case Report Important Notes for Writing Your Own Case Study Space for Doodles, Marginal Notes, Aimless Scribblings, Love Letters and Shopping Lists 31 32 48 48 49 49Read MoreWhat’s Wrong with Executive Compensation?6661 Words   |  27 Pagesexecutive compensation, distributive justice, pay disparity, incentive alignment Introduction Few academic theories have been adopted as widely as the application of agency theory (Jensen and Meckling, 1976) to the structure of executive pay in modern corporations. After prominent suggestions that the inherent conï ¬â€šict of interest that exists between stockholders and corporate managers – or ‘agency problem’ – could be mitigated through the structure of managerial incentives (e.g., Jensen and MurphyRead MoreEssay on Korea6392 Words   |  26 Pagesfavor animal sacrifices were offered at appropriate times. Springtime and harvest festivals were particularly important. For more details, one can look at my book entitled Faiths of the Far East. 1 For our purposes, it is merely necessary to point out that from time immemorial Koreans believed in the existence of one Lord of heaven and earth as well as numerous lesser spirits. From earliest times Koreans have experienced direct contact with supernatural powers. Furthermore, shamanism emphasized KoreasRead MoreAbrahamson, E. (1996). Management Fashion. Academy of Management Review, 21, 1, 254-28515598 Words   |  63 PagesModes, vogues, fads, fashions, rages, and crazes frequently revolutionize many aspects of cultural life. Theories of fashion, however, focus narrowly on fashions in aesthetic forms which, like clothing or haute cuisine, gratify our senses and emotional well-being. This focus on aesthetic fashions has two consequences. First, it confines fashion studies either to forms that have traditionally been considered trivial, such as mens beards (Robinson, 1976)or to forms that are traditionally associated withRead MoreGame Theory and Economic Analyst83847 Words   |  336 Pageswhich it is examined will ensure that Game Theory and Economic Analysis reaches a wide readership. As an established scholar in the area of game theory, Christian Schmidt has produced an authoritative book with contributions from economists of the very highest rank and proï ¬ le, some of them well known beyond the boundaries of the game-theoretic community. Christian Schmidt is Professor at the University of Paris-Dauphine. He has recently published La thà ©orie des jeux: essai d’interprà ©tation (PUFRead MoreHow to Write a Research Paper11497 Words   |  46 PagesPuritan times, Bradstreet biographies, etc. Primary Sources are original words of a writer (novel, speech, eyewitness account, letter, autobiography, interview). Secondary Sources are works about somebody and about his/her work. These include books and articles about a novel, speech, document, or scientific finding. There are many places to find secondary sources including the card-catalog index, CD-ROMs, the Internet, literary encyclopedias, bibliographies, periodical indices, journals, etcRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pages. Organization Theory Challenges and Perspectives John McAuley, Joanne Duberley and Phil Johnson . This book is, to my knowledge, the most comprehensive and reliable guide to organisational theory currently available. What is needed is a text that will give a good idea of the breadth and complexity of this important subject, and this is precisely what McAuley, Duberley and Johnson have provided. They have done some sterling service in bringing together the very diverse strands of workRead MoreProject Management32831 Words   |  132 Pagesin a project 3.12. Project Closure 3.12.1 General 3.12.2 Acceptance testing 3.12.3 Project Closure Meeting 3.13. Quality Review 3.14. Training 3.15. Support 3.16. Summary 4 THE SPATIAL COMPONENT; ARE GIS PROJECTS DIFFERENT? 4.1. Introduction 4.2. The G in GIS 4.3. The IS in GIS 4.4. What is so special about GIS? 4.5. The acquiring of Geo Information 4.6. Are GIS project different? 4.7. Conclusion 5 MANAGING A REAL PROJECT - THE MILGIS PROJECT 5.1. Introduction 5.2. Approach 5.3. Content of the MILGISRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occur red in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesE SSAYS ON TWENTIETH-C ENTURY H ISTORY In the series Critical Perspectives on the Past, edited by Susan Porter Benson, Stephen Brier, and Roy Rosenzweig Also in this series: Paula Hamilton and Linda Shopes, eds., Oral History and Public Memories Tiffany Ruby Patterson, Zora Neale Hurston and a History of Southern Life Lisa M. Fine, The Story of Reo Joe: Work, Kin, and Community in Autotown, U.S.A. Van Gosse and Richard Moser, eds., The World the Sixties Made: Politics and CultureRead Moreethical decision making16006 Words   |  65 Pages † —Richard Lamm, Executive Director, Center for Public Policy and Contemporary Issues, and former governor of Colorado The situations we encounter as health care professionals may be complex and puzzling dealing with serious issues of well-being, life, and death. Our early experiences are usually of little help in guiding our actions in such complex situations. The philosophical discipline of ethics is the study of how we should behave, or how to determine the right thing to do in

The mass hysteria between todays society and the Salem...

The mass hysteria between today’s society and the Salem witch hunt can be compared through Freedom , Religion ,and the killing of innocent victims. Mass hysteria has caused a lot of destruction in society throughout the years. It has brought about a lot of chaos in both Salem as well as the present society. Mass hysteria has brought out a lot of fear in people in both Salem and present society. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Freedom in today’s society is totally different from back when the witch trials were going on in Salem. By the people in the United States being able to do whatever we want to do whenever we want to do it. Compared to the people in Salem always being accused and checked up on for being a witch. The similarities in†¦show more content†¦In Salem during the witch hunt their religion was very important because they either lost their soul by being hung or loose their good name. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The Final mass hysteria in the present society and in Salem would be The Killing of Innocent Victims. The difference between the killing of innocent people in the United States and in Salem would be that there were less people who died in Salem. The people in Salem were killed for no reason, just like the victims in the September 11, 2001 tragedies. The terrorism in the societies keep getting greater every year. In Salem the killing of innocent people was because they thought that there was witch craft going on in the society but in fact they didnt even prove anything in trials but they still killed them anyways. The killing of innocent people today in the United States is from terrorism weather it be from Anthrax or Bombings. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;In the paragraphs above you have read about the mass hysteria between todays society and the Salem witch hunt can be compared through Freedom, Religion, and The Killing of Innocent Victims. I feel that the society needs to stop the terrorism and we need to gain our freedom’s back, Even know terrorism is never going to end I can always wish. The religion part that comes along with the freedom’s. Everyone should be aloud to pick what they want to believe in but dont pick or do something that saysShow MoreRelatedThe Crucible by Arthur Miller1085 Words   |  5 Pagesnon-Shakespearean play you have studied and show how the dramatist deals with the implications for both the character and the society. Arthur Miller in ‘The Crucible,’ deals with the internal/external conflicts of protagonist John Proctor, during the witch trials of Salem; showing the effects of â€Å"an individual opposed to the will of the majority.† Through the mass hysteria caused by Abigail, corruption of justice and weakness of man; we see clearly the effects of fear and how Miller’s work translatesRead MoreThe Causes Of The Salem Witch Trials1748 Words   |  7 PagesThe Salem witch trials were a series of different court trials. They occurred after a group of young girls were claimed to be possessed by the devil. These individuals experienced hallucinations. Some of the suspects explained the attacks as if bugs were crawling under their skin. When the outbreak began to spread, the government proceeded to accuse multiple people in the colony of witchcraft. This is how the Salem witch trials came to be. The trials took place in colonial Massachusetts. AccordingRead MoreEssay about The Crucible by Arthur Miller981 Words   |  4 Pagesin and around the town of Salem, Massachusetts, USA. The Salem witch-hunt was view as one of the strangest and most horrendous chapters in the human history. People that were prosecuted were all innocent and their deaths were all due to false accusation of people’s ridiculous belief in superstition and their paranoia. The Puritans in those times were very strict in personal habits and morality; swearing, drunkenness and gambling would be punished. The people of Salem believed in the devil andRead More Comparing the Salem Witch Trials and Modern Satanic Trials Essay2439 Words   |  10 PagesThe Salem Witch Trials and Modern Satanic Trials      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Cotton Mather, in his The Wonders of the Invisible World, preserved for posterity a very dark period in Puritanical American society through his account of the Salem witch trials in 1692. His description is immediately recognizable as being of the same viewpoint as those who were swept up in the hysteria of the moment. Mather viewed Salem as a battleground between the devil and the Puritans. The New Englanders are a people of God settledRead MoreEssay on An Inside Look at Moral Panics1008 Words   |  5 Pagesand their regulation from all forms of figures and institutions influence the publics’ perceptions of normality. The controversies of society that result in a heightened reaction from the public is a moral panic. Reactions that result in these mass panics can be initiated by simple facts about a certain taboo, and as generations change, so do the norms of that society, creating a flux of opinions that can generate violent reactions. Judith Levine, th e controversial author of â€Å"Harmful to Minors† believedRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1191 Words   |  5 PagesThe Crucible Author s Purpose In the town of Salem in the Massachusetts Bay Colony, a mass of hysteria broke out. It all started in the spring of 1692, when a group of adolescent girls claimed the works of black magic within the village. This ultimately led to a â€Å"series of investigations and prosecutions that caused 19 convicted ‘witches’ to be hanged and many other suspects to be imprisoned† (Salem witch trials 1). Sparked by interest over such a series of tragic event, Arthur Miller produced anRead MoreThe Crucible Is Still Relevant Today1971 Words   |  8 Pagesman’s moral compass. Miller paints his story using the small tight knit community of Salem circa 1692 as his canvass, brilliantly weaving historical fact and fiction to portray a scenario not unlike events seen since. The infamous witch hunts of 1692 and wild accusations of a subversive culture that threatened to tear away at the fabric of society are at the center of the film. Originally conceived in the 1950â€℠¢s during the red scare, it is well known and accepted that Miller sought to highlightRead MoreHysteria In The Crucible1452 Words   |  6 Pagesthe tale persists, Salem, Massachusetts gets wound up in the witch hunt of 1692, creating an infectious hysteria on all the villagers. City-wide fear overtakes individual thought and reasoning as well as it can today in America’s â€Å"trivial† matters. The Crucible has many components where the characters experience moments of hysteria. The play introduces the concept of witchcraft where in a Puritan society is strictly forbidden as it goes against all God-like practice. Hysteria is introduced withRead MoreThe Trials Of The Salem Witch Trials2486 Words   |  10 PagesThe Salem Witch Trials were a series of accusations, trials, and executions based on the supposed outbreak of witchcraft in Salem, Massachusetts. The trials began during the spring of 1692, and the last of them ended in 1693. It all started when two young girls, Abigail and Betty Parris, began experiencing violent convulsions and outbursts, which were thought to be brought about by witchcraft. Whether they were faking these symptoms, were afflicted with an actual sickness, or were experiencing themRead MoreThe Alien And Sedition Acts1274 Words   |  6 PagesStates, one such set of acts played a key role in the way unto which this nation was formed and continues to affect it today. The Alien and Sedition Acts changed American ideology in the 18th Century and again influences the nation in the current era. By first understanding what the Alien and Sedition Acts were, how they shaped the nation s development, and their role in America today, the importance and influence that these acts had, will become prevalent and give insight into the very fabric of this

Racism And Social Darwinism New Imperialism - 2204 Words

During the 1880’s, an idea known as â€Å"new imperialism† caused most of Europe to enter a period of colonial expansion that placed parts of both Africa and Asia under European control. Before 1880, Europe had little influence in Africa. They had relations with the governments and nations that were present, trading slaves and goods between continents. However, in a period known as the â€Å"Scramble for Africa†, Africa was divvied up among the giants: Great Britain took South Africa, Nigeria, and Kenya; France, North and West Africa; and Germany, East and Southwest Africa. Three main factors motivated this new imperialism. The first was a combination of racism and Social Darwinism -- the latter being the belief that, in the struggle between nations, only the strong will prevail. The second stemmed from religion, and was known as â€Å"The White Man’s Burden†-- the idea that Europeans were obligated to bring technology and order to lands that until then had not tasted the amenities of their so-called â€Å"civilization†. The third was economics, for the untapped stores of Africa would bring the nation who could take advantage of them great wealth. Were one to say, â€Å"Late 19th century European imperialism was primarily an economic undertaking†, then they would be partially correct; all these factors influenced the actions of the European nations uniquely. Late 19th century European imperialism was primarily an economic undertaking to a near-full extent because, although supporters of White Man’sShow MoreRelatedCharles Darwin, The Most Influential Nineteenth Century Evolutionary Thinker1176 Words   |  5 Pagesaffairs and saw the human race as driven by an un-ending economic struggle that would determine the survival of the fittest defines Social Darwinism (McKay 745). As European and American upper class sought to extend political and economic power, Social Darwinism proved to justify actions or polic ies in political, social, and economic strata. Capitalism, imperialism, and racism are different ideologies that grew strong and lingered in history using Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution by means of naturalRead More â€Å"White Man’s Burden† Essay905 Words   |  4 PagesEuropean man’s view on imperialism, Euro-centrism and social Darwinism. Four centuries before 1899, such ideas were briefly hinted in the letter from Christopher Columbus to King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella, however by 1899 these attitudes strengthened and developed fully into their complete meaning. The U.S and Europe’s imperialism in the nineteenth century were the most influential ever in the history of human civilization. The immense motive for imperialism came from social factors including religionRead MoreRace, Ethnicity, Art and Film Essay826 Words   |  4 PagesThis paper tries to analyze race relations, ethnicity and how art and film relates to these social issue s in their cultural context. Art and film have played vital roles in advocating for a society free of ethnicity and racism. Using vivid descriptions and evidence of both text and a movie this paper seeks to relate accordingly the concerned issues and factors affecting these social vices. It will demonstrate race and ethnic tendencies in diverse cultural contexts. As a demographic phenomenonRead MoreThe Theory Of Biological Evolution1192 Words   |  5 PagesSocial Darwinism is defined as the application of the theory of biological evolution to human affairs. It was used to justify and clarify many notions of nationalism and imperialism. Science played a huge role in the coming about of this new discovery but in reality, the society shaped the science of what it was about. Charles Darwin was the root of new era and was profound to come up with the theory of evolution. His theory had become one the fundamental unifying principles of modern biology andRead MoreThe Age Of New Imperialism1944 Words   |  8 PagesThe ‘Age of New Imperialism’ in Britain was a time of prosperity and total domination. Compared to previous years of imperialism, this period was focused primarily on benefitting the colonial power, Britain, instead of establishing new settlements. Even though the British imperialism of the late 19th century/early 20th cent ury brought great wealth, knowledge, and technological advancements to the country, it was at the expense of many ‘other’ people in the empire. Britain, and Europe as a wholeRead MoreEssay On British Imperialism1198 Words   |  5 PagesBritish imperialism. Although Britain abolished slavery in 1833, the shackles of racism remained. In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, Social Darwinism became a popular ideology used to justify imperialism. Built upon Charles Darwin’s theory of natural selection, Social Darwinists applied natural selection to the human race, arguing human society was a struggle for existence where only the fittest would survive. Used as racial and class justification, Social Darwinism became theRead MoreEssay on Imperialism: From Europe to The West1514 Words   |  7 PagesEarly in the twentieth century, imperialism was brought up by European powers of the time; Germany, Great Britain, France, and Russia. These nations were after raw materials in Asia, Africa, and South America and when they realize that they could not retrieve it, they began to colonize smaller counties that contain the many resources they need and used it for their benefit. Western values played a big part in European imperiali sm. European civilization experienced a period of extraordinary rapidRead MoreFascist Italy, Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan1741 Words   |  7 Pagesnationhood was justified through imperialism. Indeed, the importance of nationalism within Fascist culture would greatly affect the foreign policies of Italy, Germany, and Japan during the 1930s and 1940s. World War one had brought about revolutionary changes in the nature of war, society, and technology, where the advent of total war and mass mobilization showed the potential of a unified community run by the state. Fascists saw World War One as symbolizing the beginning of a new era where totalitarianRead MoreRacism And Social Darwinism And Its Impact On The World958 Words   |  4 Pagesnotice his personal battle with colonialism and it changed the very foundation of his world. Cesaire was a product of French colonialism and saw the impact that it had on the planet after the Second World War. He saw the full impact of racism and Social Darwinism, so his response is understandable because he experienced the issues that took place. He was born on June 26, 1913, when France controlled Martinique, so he experienced colonial issues. More importantly, the author saw how Europeans usedRead MoreImperialism, Nationalism, And Racism2136 Words   |  9 PagesAlthough relationships between imperialism, nationalism, and racism have contributed to changes in racism in both Europe and North America from the 1750s to present day, there are several areas in which they have stayed the same. Early in the 1750s, relationships between imperialism, nationalism, and racism were poised for rapid future change. Initially, the only reason why Europeans bothered with Africa was for trade purposes, which is what the few European colonies in Africa were for: ports and

Architecture of British India-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Analyze and Discuss Cultural, Social, Political or theoretical Issues of Architectural History Specific to the chosen topic. Answer: The essay focuses on the architecture of British India that helped in representing and promoting civilised influence in the country. The essay discusses the impact of the architectural landmarks in developing India as a civilised country in the world. The history behind the British rule in the development of architecture in India is also discussed in the report. During the colonisation of the countries, people from Britain built upon the richness of the countries. The architectural establishments helped the British people to establish a firm foothold in the colonised countries and ensure that modernity is spread in the countries (Jia et al. 2014). The birth of a new and modern India can be attributed due to the introduction of British rule in India. The development of modern architecture in India is largely due to the existence of cultural expression and identity of the Western forms. According to Anderson (2013), the reason for colonisation was the development of architectural buildings in order to improve cultural hegemony. Moreover, the expansion of Western culture during did not contribute to the expansion of the architectural culture of the British people but also helped in adopting the cultures of the colonised countries. Thus the development of architectural culture in Britain and India has helped in improving the civilised culture within India. In the light of this statement, it can be said that the emergence of British rule in India has had many positive impacts in the development of India. The British wanted to colonise India due to the existence of the richness of the country. The rule continued from 1858 till 1947 during which time most of the modern architectural landmarks were developed. Ching (2014) stated that ap art from architectural development, the country was also developed economically. Economic trends such as the development of industries, railways and policies also resulted due to the existence of British rule in India. The development of railways is considered to be one of the best architectural projects in the country. This is mainly because of the fact that the railways helped in the development of communication from one part of the country to another. The construction of railways also paved way for building the modern architectural buildings as it became easier to shift materials from one part of the country to another. According to Schmidt et al. (2013), the development of architectural buildings started from the ancient periods during the time of the rise of dynasties in the country. The development of architectural buildings such as the Stupa of Sanchi or the Pillar of Ashoka proved to be significant landmarks in the country. With the coming of the Mughals, India was enriched with the development of the Taj Mahal that is considered as one Seven Wonders of the World. These places attracted the interests of the British and paved way for the age of colonisation. Smith (2014) stated that the ultimate contribution in the field of architectural development came into existence from the British rule. In order to ensure that the spread of culture is maintained, the British people managed to overthrow the constructions of the Maratha and Sikhs and construct buildings that emerged as the architectural heritage of the country. These architectural heritages helped in the development of civilisation in India. For example, the construction of the Rashtrapati Bhavan is considered as one of the finest buildings in India. Originally the building was constructed in order to house the Viceroy of India. During the colonial days, the Viceroy was considered as a person holding prominent power and position (Kelly 2015). Hence, the base of operations in terms of taking decisions was conducted from the building. In the modern era, this building is used by the President of India in order to conduct political meetings for the country. Apart from the Rashtrapati Bhavan, the construction of courthouses and other buildings related to the political aspects of the country have been constructed during the British rule. Places such as Victoria Memorial are another architectural site that was constructed by the British in order to commemorate Queen Victoria. Hence, according to Brittain-Catlin (2017), the architectural sites that had been constructed by the British serve the purpose of fulfilling the main requirements of the country during colonisation. Nevertheless, it has helped in improving the civilisation of India and has brought about modernisation in the country. As of today, these sites are considered as ancient heritage sites of the country and are useful for attracting tourists. The attraction of tourist is a way of increasing the economy of the country as well as improves upon the culture of the country. Shukla and Misra (2016) observed that the idea of modern architecture in India is most difficult to understand as there exists no clue about the development of architecture. As stated earlier, the development of architectural richness in the country started from ancient times. The advent of the British rule modernised the concept and provided the impression that the era of modernisation in India had begun. Some scholars deem it to be true as, without the construction of the political house, courtrooms, transportation facilities and so on, India could still remain as one of the underprivileged and underdeveloped countries. The historical aspects of the development of architecture in India have evolved with the change in time. The ideas formulated by during the British rule were considered modern due to the existence of some of the ancient relics. However, as stated by Hunt (2013) the preservation of the ancient relics were made in order to send a message about the unity of the country . The post-British rule, the development of the art of the 20th century created a uniform architectural movement in the country. With proper analysis and understanding of arts and architecture, India was transformed into a modern artistic country with the development of civilisation. In this regard, the modernisation was considered as an overall approach to life that helped in designing the world taking in consideration the works of great minds in the history of Indian literature. The biggest development that occurred during the British rule was the fact that the public buildings that were designed for the purpose of carrying out British colonisation operations became a centre of attraction for the people. Educational institutions, railway stations and monuments became a landmark for the country. These were constructed in order to demonstrate the superiority of the British culture in terms of cultural and architectural design. Some of the structures in the modern days include the monuments that were constructed during the time of the Mogul period. This signifies the fact that the architectures in the country are a mixture of Indo-European culture. Dobraszczyk (2014) stated that the study of architecture in India developed after the end of the British rule. However, it can be said that the architectural monuments that were built during the ancient days did not need people to be trained by any institutions. Natural talents of the people helped in the constructio n of the buildings that were built before the emergence of the British in India. Post-emergence of the British rule, many modern technologies were developed that highlighted the progress of the nation and helped in the construction of the British cultural sites in the countries. According to Misra (2016), during the time of independence India had a handful of trained architects. The population of the country was as high as 330 million with only one institution dedicated to teaching arts. However, the number grew with time and people pursuing courses related to the history of India began to take interest in the architecture of the country. Financially capable people moved abroad to study art and be enriched with the culture of different countries. The reverse is also true as people from abroad travel to India to study art and try to create a fusion between the style of arts in India and abroad. This is an important step in the development of civilisation in the country as the people began to be more civilised by pursuing the Western cultures (Almeida 2017). Over the years, the country has developed and has managed to make minute changes in the traditional monuments and places that have been the landmark of the country. This is mainly due to the fact that Indi an people studying abroad have contributed to the wellbeing of the country. The advent of civilised culture began with adopting ideas from the foreign lands and implicating it in order to enrich the cultural heritage of the country. According to Hunt (2016), the development of civilisation in India began early during the ancient times. Ancient history claims the development of Indus Valley, Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa as the early strides towards building a civilised India. This was the early phase in which the development of coins and some of the modern day tool was developed. Over the ages development towards a civilised culture in India progressed with the emergence of the rulers and dynasties. The development of coins, weapons and so on helped in civilising India to some extent. These proved to be the base of which the adoption of modern technologies from the British rule was accepted in the country. However, Pinter-Wollman, Fiore and Theraulaz (2017) stated that during the British rule many Indians had opposed the use of technologies due to the fight for independence in the country. This resulted in some backwardness in the advent to civilisation in the country. However, with the effectiveness of the technolog y, the country began to be more civilised in terms of the development of architecture. The tools and materials brought about by the British contributed to the development of proper development of architects as well as a civilised people. Hutchins (2015) is of the opinion that civilisation does not refer to the development of the people in terms of reduced crime rates. The term is used to indicate the social development that is undergone in a country in terms of the behaviours of the inhabitants. Human development, advancement in the field of technology, culture and education and so on constitutes the development of civilisation in a country. In this regard, it can be said that a particular country cannot be considered as highly developed or civilised as there exist some flaws in the development. Every country wants to be civilised covering all the aspects that are required for the growth of civilisation. For example, India is considered to be a hugely populated country currently at the developing stage. The country is equipped with modern technologies and development in the economy in terms of the rising of industries. The level of development in the country is different as compared to other countries due to the exis tence of a mixed cultural heritage. Hunt (2013) stated that civilised India began after the independence the country. This is mainly due to the fact that the freedom wars between the British and India led to the rise of many uncivilised activities. In this regard, it can be said that the British people provided the impetus for the growth of a civilised culture in India. However, Sen (2016) stated that many people are of the opinion that the British rule causes the decline of civilised in India. This is because the advent of new technologies, monuments and other architectural development overshadowed the ancient tradition of the country. The development of relics, architecture, philosophies and cultures began from the ancient times. Hence, the advent of the British rule led to the destruction of the ancient beliefs and installed a sense of new cultural development in the country. According to Hawes (2013), this is a debatable factor among many scholars as it is important to identify the extent to which the cause and effects of the development of British culture in India. Hence, people of India are divided in terms of providing opinions about the pros and cons of British rule. In the light of this, it can be said that the mixture of Indo-European culture is one of the biggest advantages that the country has witnessed during the time of civilising the country. Some of the opinions of the scholars can be analysed in order to understand the impact of the Indo-European culture in the country. Hawes (2013) stated that India had been an agricultural country in the ancient times. The fact that the people managed to create food for the mass and ensure that other people got work in terms of aiding in the agricultural fields marks the development of civilisation. Evidence of such agricultural background can be traced back to the ancient times. The growth of crops such as rice, indigo and wheat were the main components that helped India to remain a country of interest in the ancient times. This resulted in attracting the dynasties that ruled the country and the emergence of British rule. The crops harvested in the country were used by the British to enrich their land thereby, exploiting the poor people of the country. The economic exploitation that the British rule caused in the country can be considered as negligible given the development of infrastructure and industries in the country (Viswanathan 2014). This can be argued by stating that the education on science and technolog y provided to the people of India during the British rule were not aimed at the development of the country. Rather the aim was to execute a complete domination of the country by using technologies developed abroad. The fact that the local dialect proved to be difficult for the British prompted the Empire recruited Indian people for their benefit. This led to the slow development of civilised culture among Indians. Most people are of the opinion that the developing stage of the country would not have occurred had the British people not conquered the land (Khan 2017). This is evident from the fact that the growth of infrastructure, modes of communication and industries developed as a result of the British rule. However, Smith (2014) stated that trade relations are also important for the growth of a civilised nation. Modern technologies spread from one country to another largely due to the existence of various industries in the country. Trade between countries have resulted in the development of technologies and contributed to the growth of a civilised country. In this regard, an example of Japan can be considered as a highly developed and civilised country in the world. Unlike India, Japan was not colonised by any of the European countries. However, due to the trade relations with other countries in the world, Japan managed to develop itself in terms of culture, technology and industries. Thus, the British rule has managed to exploit India more than it has helped in its development. The native of the country were forced to harvest crops that were sold to the British people at low prices. The growth of crops like cotton and indigo is used for the development of fashionable industries and the selling of these in large amounts helped in the growth of the economy of Britain. In this regard, a counter statement can be made citing the art of learning to harvest these crops. Despite these flaws, the British rule provided historical landmarks in the country. It is due to the existence of such landmarks and the rich history of the country; people from abroad are attracted to study and perform research in India. This is one way of improving the economic growth of the country. The British rule also united the nation which may have been difficult during the time of the dynasty rulers in the country. The emergence of courts and the Indian Civil Service helped in civilising the country as any crime committed in the country are solved by courts. In modern day, however, the civilised people of India have had some setbacks in terms of behaviours and the way by which people are treated. Ching (2014) stated that the mixture of the Indo-European culture proved to have a positive impact on the country. The unification of the political parties in the country made India develop into a democracy. The development of modern transport facilities also contributed to the grow th of a civilised country. This is largely backed by the modern education that the people receive. This contributes to the modernising of the society and making the country more civilised (Pinter-Wollman, Fiore and Theraulaz (2017). Thus, it can be said that despite the differences of opinion of the people, the cultural identity of India has resulted from the British rule. The architectural buildings, development of educational centres, modernising of the country are a result of the 200 years of British rule over India (Anderson 2013). The fact that the economy of India has been exploited vehemently is indicative of the current economic state of the country. The architecture of modern India contributes to civilising the society with the mixture of western as well as regional cultures and ideas. One of the most important aspects of modern India is the fact that most of the technological development, cultural development and the lifestyle of the people are mainly due to the existence of British rule in the ancient times. Dobraszczyk (2014) observed the fact that the development of India from an agricultural based country to a technologically driven country is one of the biggest achievements of the country since it s independence. Thus, it can be concluded that the architectural development during the British rule contributed significantly to the growth of a civilised nation. Some of the modern facilities and technologies that are used in the modern world were developed during the British rule. The foundation of civilisation in India began in the ancient days and resulted in the slow development of the country. Despite varied opinions, British rule and architecture have contributed heavily to the progress of India. The economic exploitation that the country had encountered during the British rule can be recovered with the modernising of the society. Thus, the contribution of the architectural buildings promoted a civilising influence in the country. References Almeida, Hermionede.Indian Renaissance: British romantic art and the prospect of India. Routledge, 2017. Anderson, John R.The architecture of cognition. Psychology Press, 2013. Brittain-Catlin, Timothy. "Realism in Nineteenth-Century British Architecture." (2017): 174-191. Ching, Francis DK.Architecture: Form, space, and order. John Wiley Sons, 2014. Dobraszczyk, Paul. "Imperial Gothic: Religious Architecture and High Anglican Culture in the British Empire, 18401870." (2014): 372-374. Hawes, Christopher J.Poor Relations: The Making of a Eurasian Community in British India, 1773-1833. Routledge, 2013 Hunt, Roger. "Architecture and climate: an environmental history of British architecture 16002000." (2013): 284-285. Hunt, Tristram. "India has an extraordinary collection of cities which form a key part of the story of British colonialismTristram Hunt MP."South Asia@ LSE(2016). Hutchins, Francis G.The illusion of permanence: British imperialism in India. Princeton University Press, 2015. Jia, Yangqing, Evan Shelhamer, Jeff Donahue, Sergey Karayev, Jonathan Long, Ross Girshick, Sergio Guadarrama, and Trevor Darrell, Convolutional architecture for fast feature embedding." InProceedings of the 22nd ACM international conference on Multimedia, pp. 675-678. ACM, 2014. Kelly, Jessica. "Vulgar modernism: JM Richards, modernism and the vernacular in British architecture."Architectural History58 (2015): 229-259. Khan, Shafaat Ahmad.Sources for the history of British India in the seventeenth century. Vol. 22. Routledge, 2017. Misra, Manjusha. "Laurie Bakers contribution to the continuation of vernacular architecture in India."International Journal of Environmental Studies73, no. 4 (2016): 631-650. Pinter-Wollman, Noa, Stephen M. Fiore, and Guy Theraulaz. "The impact of architecture on collective behaviour."Nature Ecology Evolution1, no. 5 (2017): s41559-017. Schmidt, Douglas C., Michael Stal, Hans Rohnert, and Frank Buschmann.Pattern-Oriented Software Architecture, Patterns for Concurrent and Networked Objects. Vol. 2. John Wiley Sons, 2013. Sen, Sudipta.A distant sovereignty: National imperialism and the origins of British India. Routledge, 2016. Shukla, Bulbul, and Manjusha Misra. "Built from below: British architecture and the vernacular." (2016): 674-676. Smith, Peter R. "Architecture and climate: an environmental history of British architecture 16002000." (2014): 84-85. Viswanathan, Gauri.Masks of conquest: Literary study and British rule in India. Columbia University Press, 2014.

Community Work program The pros and cons of this alternate approach to criminal justice Essay Example

Community Work program: The pros and cons of this alternate approach to criminal justice Essay The American criminal justice system has adopted punitive measures of varying degrees, the harshest of them being capital punishment. Over the recent decades, the judiciary has decidedly moved toward incorporating more restorative measures in its sentencing. This is not applicable across the length and breadth of the country, as the conservative South is still differentiated by its unwillingness to abandon death penalty. Nevertheless, at least in the more liberal states of the Union, the judiciary is seen to promote community service as a means of delivering justice as well as inculcating into the guilty individual a sense of social responsibility. The rest of the essay will discuss the pros and cons of this alternative approach to criminal justice. As a result of community work programs, the participant individuals undergo a personal transformation in the way they relate to society. Moreover, the places and events where they serve require volunteers; and when there is a shortfall of volunteers, the criminal justice system can enroll some minor offenders into this program. In other words, the chief strength of community work programs lie in the fact that they are â€Å"essential services†, as opposed to work conjured up on an ad hoc basis in some of the prisons in the country (Zehr, 2002). The drawbacks of the prison system are all too well documented in social science scholarship. Now that crimes in the twenty first century have taken on more devastating proportions in the form of terrorism, etc., the retaliatory and revengeful measures against individuals and groups found guilty of these crimes will only help increase the likelihood of such attacks in the future. Also, unlawful detention and instances of torture are more likely in under such a legal framework. There are disagreements concerning the ends and means of a particular case. One might dispute that the means are more important than the ends they realize. The question of ethics also crops up while dealing with such topics. Human rights activists hold that an individual, however inhuman he/she may be, needs to be treated ethically maintaining human dignity. An additional barrier towards legalizing torture is that a lot of thought and effort needs to be pumped in to make torture acceptable to all sections of th e society. As long as these questions remain unanswered, more inclusive and compassionate approaches like community service would be ideal as the criminal justice system goes forward (Zehr, 2002). We will write a custom essay sample on Community Work program: The pros and cons of this alternate approach to criminal justice specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Community Work program: The pros and cons of this alternate approach to criminal justice specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Community Work program: The pros and cons of this alternate approach to criminal justice specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Although community work would be too mild a sentence for crimes of great magnitude, they can be included as part of the overall package of convict rehabilitation and restoration. The appeal of community work lies in the greater public support it gets and also from the fact that such a program does not impinge on human rights considerations and the basic dignity of the sentenced individual, while at the same time guaranteeing the safety and protection of the civil society. These are some of the strengths of community work programs. There is one other crucial factor which makes community work the first choice punishment in the criminal justice system – the failure of the conventional prison system and their tendency to psychologically disturb the prisoner. For example, recent research indicates that young offenders are more prone to suicidal tendencies than the control group. The researchers studied one large prison centre in the United States and the statistics reveal a disturbing trend. The institute in question housed 500 prisoners in remand and 304 convicted ones. Most inmates were between the age of 18 and 35. In a span of ten months, between August 2001 and June 2001, four inmates hung themselves. The remand prisoners were forced to spend more than 80 % of their time inside the cell. New entrants to the facility found it difficult to socialize due to bullying by the older inmates. Most prisoners were in a state of â€Å"anxiety and vulnerability† due to the alien nature of their dwelling and their separation from close family members (Zehr, 2002). The techniques used by the prison officers to control and restrain these offenders were extremely harsh. On top of all this the inmate health care system was found to be inefficient. The prison staffs were found to lack morale and motivation to perform their duties. So, the suicides of 4 of these prisoners are attributable to conditions existing within the confines of the facility. Sadly, the above case was not a one-off. They represent the general state of prisons and detention centers across the country. A report released by a reliable human rights group, Helsinki Watch, supports the view that Overall, prisons are inadequate in providing its inhabitants with necessary emotional support. Community work programs on the other hand have proved more effective in terms of keeping the convict in better mental and physical health (Andrews Bonta, 2003). Of course, community work programs bring with them their own set of risks. For example, if the guilty individual is posted to a locality or an institution with a history of discrimination or physical/sexual abuse, then there is a good likelihood that the community work enrollee will get into quarrels and altercations, if not give vent to more violent reactions. Moreover, the participant will have to fully commit himself/herself for the task assigned to him/her. Half-hearted efforts to serve the community will only result in making the individual vulnerable to commit further crimes and will ultimately defeat the restorative purpose. These are a set of drawbacks associated with the concept of community service as a remedial measure for social crimes (Mason, 1998). There are human rights activists, who take a more compassionate view of the flawed behaviors of criminals. The implication here being that relatively un-oppressive punishments such as imposition of so many hours of community work is more legitimate when compared to harsher punishments. But, it should be borne in mind that â€Å"The human rights movement is based on the need for a counter-ideology to combat the abuses and misuses of political authority by those who invoke as a justification for their activities, the need to subordinate the particular needs of the individuals to the general good. The stance of the rights workers in the long haul benefits a few persons in comparison to the safety and security of the entire society.† (Andrews Bonta, 2003) Hence, we need to gain a more nuanced understanding of the nature of civil liberties and how the rights of individuals square off against that of the community, before deciding on the right approach to punishing criminals. Another area where community work holds an advantage over traditional measures of justice is its long-term effects on the guilty individual. Studies have documented how convicts, having completed their prison terms find it difficult to reintegrate into society, making them more vulnerable for repeating violent behavior, which landed them in prison in the first place. It also has to be remembered that any opportunity for social interaction in the prison environment can also be an opportunity for sexual experience. Correctional programs will not work without an atmosphere of camaraderie and a sense of belonging. Hence, the solution lies in balancing between these two necessities. Admonishments and physical restraints have obviously failed to improve the inmates’ wellbeing, as several studies indicate. Moreover, such ex-convicts are prone to indulge in deviant sexual behavior when they come out of their detention centers, making a strong case for holistic and accommodative punish ments as community work (Andrews Bonta, 2003). The debate on the efficacy of conventional punitive measures of the criminal justice system, such as imprisonment and monetary penalty has a long history. But such measures do not take into account the fact that the reasons behind crimes comprise of a broad spectrum of causes, ranging from socio-economic factors, level of education, physical or emotional abuse and even genetics. So, designing a system of that would factor-in these causes and attempt to remedy the roots of the malady has now become imperative. While community work program are not a panacea, they help mitigate the problem to an extent. Works Cited: Andrews, DA Bonta, J., The Psychology of Criminal Conduct, ISBN 1-58360-544-4, published in 2003 â€Å"Is torture ever justified? Terrorism and civil liberty.,(All democracies eschew torture, but some are ambivalent).† The Economist (US) 384.8547 (Sept 22, 2007): 72US. Mason, W. A., Zimmerman, L., Evans, W. (Oct 1998). Sexual and physical abuse among incarcerated youth: implications for sexual behavior, contraceptive use, and teenage pregnancy. Child Abuse and Neglect, 22, n10. p.987(9). Zehr, H, Little Book of Restorative Justice, ISBN 1-56148-376-1, published in 2002

Loophole Or A Conspiracy essays

Loophole Or A Conspiracy essays Virus, Hmmm I am sure that you have heard this word before. I am not talking about the living virus like an influenza virus. I am talking about the computer virus. According to the New York Times, Microsoft, Compaq, and Hewlett Packards computers are at a great risk. I wonder why we the consumer, are in this position? I cannot come up with one straight answer. However, I have a theory that maybe Microsoft is behind all of this. As you may know, Bill Gates (CEO, Chairman) of Microsoft has a business marketing agenda of his own. Bill Gates stated that he should sell his products cheap and affordable for the average consumer. After he sells the product to the public, the consumer will have no other choice but to purchase and use the Microsoft products. This is where Bill comes in for the kill. Bill is going to increase the price for the other products and cash in on the profits. Why do you ask, because majority of the computers in the world utilizes one or more of Microsoft's products a nd they have no choice but to use the other Microsoft's products because if everyone is using it and you will be out of the loop. The New York Times article reported that the software security breaches has been verified. This means that if one hacker has the knowledge of hacking through this loophole, then we are in great danger because everything you can imagine is stored in the computers and large databases. This article just proves my point on Microsoft's power to influence and danger our personal everyday lives. Did you know that there is a secret imbedded program called " The Hall Of Tortured Souls"? Yes, there is that secret program imbedded in the Microsoft's Excel 95. This program was written and implemented by the programmers of Microsoft. If Microsoft can do this sneaky program in all of their programs, the question of what other secretly imbedded programs are their in the other Microsoft's software. What can thes ...

The Data Protection Act and Role of the Information Commissioner in Coursework

The Data Protection Act and Role of the Information Commissioner in this Act - Coursework Example Moving with the information that belongs to the University in a personal purse especially in a bar is another offense apart from leaving it behind in a bar since the information content which is of high value to the University would be compromised (Van, 2005). When not on official duty, it is adept to leave behind any information and materials that belong to the college. This information does not only apply to college situation but also another place of work since at one moment an individual would either lose all data due to ignorance and malice. Since ignorance has got no defense, Susan should not be proud of backing up information when she just walks with the backup files anyhow, back up should be protected and kept at the most preferred place (Bell, 2001). Processing the data outside the rights of data subject under the act is wrong. For instance, Susan processed the data for Peter to use outside the organizational act for his business purpose. This is unlawful and both Susan and Peter should face the law for infringing the sixth principle law of personal data act (Bainbridge, 2001). Susan should be penalized; she went against the seventh principle which states that organizational measures shall be taken against unauthorized processing of personal data. Hence, on admitting to pocket the  £1000, she already compromised organization’s data integrity (Miller, 2011). As the president, everyone had to blame Susan for the fault is that she was the sole authority responsible for data security and integrity within the organization. Since she breached the second principle law that governs personal data, nobody should alter the sole purpose of the data (Bell, 2001). In addition, confirming the second and third principles of data protection which Susan did not adhere to stresses on the use of personal data, which should be in a manner compatible with the purpose and reasons as to why the data was stored in the database system.

Outline the nature of audit planning and describe its principal Essay

Outline the nature of audit planning and describe its principal objectives, identifying issues that you consider to be relevant to the planning of the audit of FXT - Essay Example Planning in auditing the books of FXT International Limited will ensure that the auditing process produces the maximum out of the minimum. The various aspects of auditing the books of FXT International Limited include vouching, verification and valuation (Kumar and Sharma, 2005, p. 59). It is Abacus’ plan to conduct an effective audit through an efficient approach that will last the shortest possible time. The basis of the auditing plan is FXT International Limited’s line of business. FXT International Limited offers structured financial products as well as financial derivatives to institutional investors. Therefore, the basis of the auditing plan is the understanding of the financial and derivatives market. Abacus will perform tests of control and procedures to come up with reasonable conclusions that will assist in the formation of an opinion on the client’s financial statements (Kumar and Sharma, 2005, p. 72). The plan will be based on FXT International Limited’s accounting system policies and procedures that direct its internal control processes. Concisely, some of the factors that Abacus will consider when planning the audit include: 4. Knowledge of FXT International Limited business apart from the reporting requirements of financial services institutions. It is the most important factors that Abacus will consider when planning an audit. It is the most important factor because it will enable Abacus to identify the events, transactions and practices that may affect financial information. Auditors will derive such knowledge from areas such as: The article of association will give auditors ideas about FXT International Limited’s size and nature. Additionally, auditors from Abacus will acquaint themselves with the management of FXT International Limited’s business (Kumar and Sharma, 2005, p. 80). Accounting standards requires that listed companies publish audited books of account. The rationale is

Impact of ICT on Country Development

Impact of ICT on Country Development Executive Summary In this presentation we give advice to the Government of Malambia, a least developed country with a GDP per capita of US$480 and whose population of 39 million people majority of whom live in the rural areas. In the capital city, a monopoly network of fixed telephones under the direct control of the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications, has reached only 9% out of over 5 million. The rural areas have a teledensity of 0.25%. This advice includes how the country, which has recently discovered a huge source of oil in an undeveloped location 100 kilometres from the capital to a prosperous ICT driven country. This advice is laid out in National strategy for communications development in a chronological order beginning with justification to break monopoly and need for competition policy in Malambia. It shows the legal requirements and explains the privatised commercial environment. In the next chapter the proposed establishment of a national regulatory authority is discussed showing: types of regulatory bodies, the role of regulatory authority which will include among others; monitoring use of frequency spectrum, approval of communication equipment, Management frequency spectrum, protection of consumers, licensing and pricing of telecommunications operators, managing Internet protocol addresses and number portability and Universal access, frequency planning and policy, and Interconnectivity, Under the same chapter we discuss possible structure regulatory body, the needed rules and regulation, the Legal, requirements for the regulatory authority, its independence and structure of the regulatory authority. In the next chapter we examine rolling-out ICT coverage in Malambia and we look at, Internet service provision, Connectivity of broadband, Introduction of VOIP services, Oil and its impact on ICT development and strategies for ICT expansion strategies. In the next chapter we propose radical proposals for network interconnectivity with emphasis on; general agreements on interconnectivity, requirements for smooth interconnectivity, interconnection services, handling interconnectivity disputes and interconnection billing and charges In the next chapter, we examine the likely impact of new ICT services for a rapid economic growth in terms of new technologies, new services in transformation of socio-economy, converged ICT services and give examples. Finally we make recommendations which we believe will be useful and urge policy makers in Malambia to examine them and apply them. Preamble At the end of 2009, over 145 Regulatory Bodies were identified as being in place worldwide but Malambia currently doesnt have one. The Telecommunications industry in Malambia is still in monopolistic environment with the incumbent only telecommunication network offering fixed telephone services under the control of the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications. Luckily for the people of Malambia a huge source of oil was discovered recently in an undeveloped location 100 kilometres from the capital. One expert estimates this oil to produce revenue by 2015. The discussion in this paper is advice to the government of Malambia on how the country can transform itself from its current lowly developmental status with emphasis on telecommunications in its many forms. Specifically the paper will discuss the following: A national strategy for communications development A description of the proposed regulatory structure Suggestions as to how the coverage level of the population can achieve 65% by 2015 Radical proposals on network interconnection New services that will assist with transforming the countries economy It is suggested that the government and people of Malambia give the proposed changes support through the legislature and the different processes to achieve the transformation in telecommunications that will give the country the impetus to economic and social progress in the modern era of communications. National Strategy For Communications Development The Need To Break Monopoly The liberalisation is the opening of a monopolistic market to competitive provision of facilities and services removal of legal constraints which prevent communication service providers from entering markets and providing competitive services. Market liberalisation seeks to remove administrative and regulatory encumbrances that are related to business start-up, operation, trade, payment of taxes, closure and capital flows and profit repatriation by reducing the time and cost associated with various government and other requirements (Canto 2010: 1). Malambia needs to liberalise the telecommunications sector to make change to previous legal restrictions in telecommunications policy and come up with a new Communication laws, the creation of a Communication Regulatory Authority, the streamlining of national policy to international standards, and the preparation of policy for investment and business control. In most World Trade Organisation (WTO) member countries, liberalisation has come to mean the opening of a monopolistic market to competitive provision of facilities and services, whether the former monopoly operator is a state enterprise or a private enterprise (World Bank, 2006). Justification For A Competition Policy In Malambia A monopoly granted either to an individual or to a trading company has the same effect as a secret in trade or manufactures. The monopolists, by keeping the market constantly under-stocked, by never fully supplying the effectual demand, sell their commodities much above the natural price, and raise their emoluments, whether they consist in wages or profit, greatly above their natural rate. (Smith 1776) ICT reforms in Malambia should geared towards breaking the monopolistic government owned telecommunications company and allow many operators to compete for service delivery. Competition helps the country in many ways such as; competitive prices as consumers can choose the company of their choice, introduction of different products and services and innovations. As competition among service providers increases more customers are brought into the business bracket and therefore the government gets more taxes which are used to develop other sectors of the economy. With prospects for oil revenues many international telecommunications companies will come to Malambia only if the telecommunications environment is liberalised. Legal Requirements In short, competition policy in Malambia will encourage efficiency, optimum allocation of resources and technical advancement but this will need to be secured by law. First, the single most important factor to successful privatisation or liberalisation is clear government goals for the telecom sector and the adoption of policies to achieve those goals. Second, one critical issue for successful liberalisation is an open and transparent regulation. The WTO agreement requires that the regulator be independent of state operator, as this allows accountability, transparency and equity (Canto 2010: 5). Malambian government will therefore need to prepare an anti-monopoly Bill that will be discussed and forwarded to the Parliament to be signed as an act of Parliament and then by the president into law. Modern competition law has historically evolved on a country level to promote and maintain competition in markets principally within the territorial boundaries of nation-states. National competition law usually does not cover activity beyond territorial borders unless it has significant effects at nation-state level (Martyn 2006: 1).When protected by law most international companies feel secure to invest in a country and Malambia will not be exceptional. The Privatised Commercial Environment An environment in which it is possible to establish a company with a number of shareholders under a legal name and trade mark is referred to as a commercial environment. Privatisation is the transfer of assets or service delivery from the Government agencies to individuals or groups of individuals. The transfer be exclusive to the operation, management or total ownership of formerly government owned entities. Privatisation of Malambia ICT services will bring about numerous benefits such as better and diversified products and services, cheaper services as there will not be price fixing, innovations in products and service delivery in order for companies to get or retain clients, wider coverage as competing firms search for clients and of course more revenues to the government in terms of taxes. A privatised environment calls for private investors to invest their capital in companies as companies need to use the capital to upgrade their hardware, invest in new technologies and acquire the essentials for the companies to because there are no government subsidies to use. Private investors want to make sure there will be returns on their investments and will make sure there is fair-play, a level playing field and security for their investments. Fair-play among the different operators is ensured by a regulatory body that monitors and evaluates how the operators follow and abide by the rules, regulations and laws in place. Proposed Establishment Of Malambia Regulatory Authority In order to enforce the application and use of the communication laws, rules and regulations in the liberalised market, attract regional and international investors and protect consumers from cartels and overpricing through collusion in ICT sector in Malambia, there is need to set up an Independent Communications Regulatory Authority to ensure a smooth transition from a single government operator to multi-operators in the ICT sector. Malambia should use the regulatory body to: create and deliver fair, accessible, faster and modern service to consumers; allow access to a wide range of communications services; attract regional/international investors; put in place reasonable prices and quality of communication services; protect consumers from high tariffs; allow smooth coexistence of different operators; ensure the independence for policy-makers and operators. Types Of Regulatory Bodies There are different types of regulatory bodies: a single-sector regulator, a converged institutional design, a multi-sector regulatory authority likes the Rwanda Utilities Regulatory Agency (RURA) and a non specific telecommunications regulatory authority (ICT regulation toolkit 2010): It is recommended that converged institutional design which refers to regulatory bodies that oversee a range of services which include telecommunications, information and communications technologies and broadcasting, will be best suitable for Malambia considering the fact that it will be changing from a one operator monopoly type of market, bearing in mind the availability of resources especially human resources. The Role Of Regulatory Authority In Malambia In discussing the role of the regulatory body in Malambia emphasis is placed on its role in the privatised and liberalised telecommunication sector. Other sector may be considered by the policy makers. The regulatory body should have the following policy principles: a. Always make consultations with all stakeholders and evaluate the possible impact of their action prior to imposing regulations actors in the sectors. b. Make research on markets always and remain abreast with technological understanding. c. Avoid intervention, but do so promptly, effectively and firmly when required. d. Ensure interventions that are proportionate, consistent, transparent, accountable and which is based on evidence when investigating and implementing the resolutions. e. Where specific statutory duty to work calls for it, Intervene for a public policy and goal which cannot be achieved by markets. f. With stated policy objectives, regulate and articulate publicly discussed annual plan. g. In regulatory matters, seek less intrusion to attain its stated policy objectives. Monitoring Use Of Frequency Spectrum This refers to the support and supervision of the operation of communication networks and stations according to the legislation. This will allow economical and sustainable provision of communication services to their customers by identifying transmitter, monitor compliance with regulations and whether the transmission meet the specified technical requirements. This will prevent unlicensed and defective transmitters from interfering with legally permitted transmitters. Approval Of Communication Equipment The Regulatory Authority ensures that all communication equipment entering the country conform to acceptable national, regional and international standards to ensure the quality and safety of users. It will the ensure quality of services provided by operators, safety and compatibility among the different users. In this regard the regulatory authority will ensure that the quality Malambians is above reproach and is acceptable. Management Frequency Spectrum There is need to set up a clear policy on frequency spectrum management to ensure a rational, efficient and economic use of frequencies. This should be by virtue of existing legal and regulatory framework that governs ICT in the country and applied by the Regulatory Authority. The frequency spectrum may cover three sections which are frequency assignment, frequency spectrum monitoring and frequency spectrum enforcement. Protection Of Consumers Communication licenses include conditions that protect the consumers such as billing practices, dispute resolution, consumer complaint mechanisms, price regulation, emergency services, and mandatory services to consumers and limitations of liability for service defaults. The Regulatory Authority should make and publicise a code of conduct for service providers showing the required behaviour, duties and responsibilities in ICT sector. Consumers should be protected from excessive prices, poor service delivery and unreliable service provision such as poor lines or intermittent telephone lines. Licensing And Pricing Of Telecommunications Operators The legal framework should empower the Regulatory Authority to receive and process applications for communication licenses, monitor the pricing, arbitrate disputes and interconnectivity between the different communications providers, if requirements are met. Operators licenses are normally issued through open tender to allow equal opportunities to the bidders and get the best offers from operators in the communication service providers. Internet Protocol Addresses And Number Portability Regulatory Authorities are responsible for developing national numbering plans in conformity with international standards bearing in mind the need to synchronise with regional and international norms. Regulatory Authority in Malambia shall set these numbers in tandem with the recommendations of the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN), telephone numbering plan and the International Telecommunication Union (ITU). The Regulator will put in place the numbering system bearing mind the international standards and regional norms. The Regulator will also set requirements and registrars which must be met an entity to be licensed for IP address. Universal Access Universal accessrefers to the ability of all people to have equal opportunity and access to a service or product from which they can benefit, regardless of their social class, ethnicity, ancestry or physical disabilities. There should be a clause in each operators license obliging them not to discriminate certain areas because they are remote, poor or inaccessible and the regulator should monitor their implementation by ensure ICT services are spread according to the universal access principles in order to connect remote area so that each all people of can be provided with the benefits. The Regulatory Authority should also manage the Universal Access Funds and collect revenue from various sources, which targeted subsidies to implement universal programs. These funds shall be administered independently. Frequency Planning And Policy Regulatory Authority for an efficient development of implementation policies and plans relating to should plan and put in place policies for the spectrum utilisation. It is possible to use frequencies generate incomes and jobs with proper planning and management. Proposal Of Regulatory Structure In Malambia A regulatory Authority should be established in Malambia to ensure that ICT sector is regulated and that consumers are protected from unfair and get the service they pay for. There needs to be in place an affective Regulatory Authority to ensure credibility to ensure continued entry into the market and compliance with and enforcement of existing regulations. The authority shall issue Individual licenses delivery, monitor compliance to the rules and regulations, avoid cartels and anticompetitive tendencies on part of providers, ensure quality of service and ensure users are not cheated through high charges above the market prices. Putting In Rules And Regulation As indicated in the preamble, the current single fixed-line provider in Malambia is a government Institution under the ministry of Posts and Telecommunications. The current law cannot serve the commercial environment envisaged in the country. There is need to change the law and consequently, a regulatory authority and its independence. This calls for the following: making new policies and regulations that regulate network operation, frequency, numbers, IP addresses, liaise with regional and international organisations and manage disputes. Legal Framework Countries develop and adopt different laws and legal system depending on the local situations and the interests of those that make laws; the development of the Malambia regulatory framework, rules, laws, and regulations that identify contractual obligations and property rights of government and stakeholders must be developed basing on the local conditions while adopting best international norms and values. Requirements For The Regulatory Authority The Regulatory Authority in Malambia should incorporate International standards used and applied throughout the world. This will require the Regulatory Authority should ensure its independence, predictability, transparency, accountability, and capacity. Independence Of The Regulatory Authority The Regulatory Authority should be separate and independent in operation and strategic terms from the government agencies and the Ministry of Post and Telecommunications so that it can carry out its duties without undue influence from the government control. This will give operators and the public confidence in the neutrality of its decisions and will attract investors. Structure Of The Regulatory Authority Under the supervision of the Director General, the Regulatory body should have the department shown below:   Spectrum and International Department   Legal Affairs   Licensing E-Commerce   Technology Development Department   Regulatory Affairs   Finance   Support Services   Corporate Communications Rolling-Out Ict Coverage This chapter examines the possibility of widen the coverage of ICT throughout Malambia. It is expected that with increased revenue from the discovered oil more investment opportunities will attract even more investors. But with or without oil the country should start planning for the rollout through private investments. There is no doubt that ICT development is an engine in increasing the awareness of nationals and their role in development, education sector and competitiveness. The growth in the use of ICT in society should benefit the country in many forms; commerce and banking through e-banking and e-commerce, faster and cheap communication, through e-education, e-health and telemedicine. Internet Service Provision The role of the Internet in increasing the efficiency of economies in different countries as well as fastening and easing communication and thereby raising countries economies and consequently GDP cannot be overemphasised. Internet provision as a solution in developing and reaching undeveloped or underdeveloped areas has been successful in many poor countries including while increasing revenues both at national and individual levels among the population and Malambia should be no exception. Issuing licences to multi-operator Internet Services Providers (ISP) in Malambia will reduce the price of connectivity while promoting competition among players. Connectivity Of Broadband Leased line prices are high in many developing countries which operate under monopolistic single provider marketplaces. The Internet broadband connectivity and wireless mobile telephone reduce the cost of communication. The aim should be to increase Internet penetration, promote investment in wireless connectivity, and urge landline operators to deliver reliable services through leased lines and improve the quality of overall services provided. Introduction Of VoIP Services The Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) greatly reduces the cost of telephone calls and many operators around the world are using this to carry their international traffics. The Regulatory Authority will decide whether to licence this medium of communication bearing in mind the views of telephone operators as the use of VoIP may impact their profitability. The Regulator shall then decide how the two media can coexist and whether will be forfeited at the expense of the other. The decision of the Regulator should be independent from any external influence whether government or otherwise. Oil And Its Impact On Ict Development According to an expert from Texas, in the USA, the discovered oil reserves in Malambia, ‘will produce revenues by 2015†. Bearing in mind that the current Malambian GDP per capita is US$480, there is possibility that peoples incomes will rise while the government revenues will increase multi-fold. This will avail the resources needed resources to put in place the necessary infrastructure while increasing peoples disposable incomes through job creation and other horizontal synergies related to the oil industry and therefore their ability to demand and pay for services. Oil has many products such as: aviation fuels, petrol, kerosene, diesel, LPG, lubricating oils and bitumen. All these products will be used for different purpose to enhance the living standards, purchasing power, and lifestyle of Malambians hence the need to for improved quality of service in ICT. With a population 39 million whose incomes and the standard of living are improved the purchasing power will be a magnet to international investors in the ICT sector. Ict Expansion Strategies The expansion of ICT services in a liberalised economy is the responsibility of service providers, who according to the terms of licences they bided for, follow the clause stipulating spreading their services to cover the entire nation without overlooking areas because of the geography, remoteness or development. The Regulatory Authority will ensure that those terms are followed and no areas of the country are excluded. This will ensure that Malambians of all walks can access the ICT services. To attain the expansion of ICT coverage in Malambia there will be need for train of people to help others in the use of the different ICT applications. For example groups of people should be trained to help the majority of Malambians who cannot access and use the internet in â€Å"Internet Cafes†. Universal access, for instance using the Universal Access Fund, should be used to fund and make improvements in service delivery in Malambia particularly areas that are under serviced or people are illiterate to train peers who will in turn train others. Radical Proposals For Network Interconnectivity Introduction The Regulatory Authority in Malambia will define the rules of interconnection and also establish the rules by which the former monopolist interacts with the other new operators. Where there is fair-play Malambia will attract investors. The Regulator must allow the new ICT Operators to recover their investments through a pre-determined exclusive period. General Agreements On Interconnectivity The agreement is be based on what type of service is provided by providers namely fixed to fixed phone network, mobile to mobile phone network, fixed to mobile phone network, mobile to fixed phone network, and ISP to mobile or fixed phone network. It is possible for two or more networks to exchange traffic and inputs in legally referred to as interconnectivity and this should be facilitated by law. The Regulatory Authority put in place principles of connectivity and makes them known. Agreement among operators regarding interconnectivity should be forwarded to Regulatory Authority together with interconnection fees. The Regulator will then monitor the implementation, competition and intervene when necessary. Interconnection is non-discriminatory and an operator should not enter into agreement with another operator for interconnection fees different from the ones published by the regulatory authority. Whereas monitoring domestic interconnectivity within the country is easy and beneficial to the service providers, the regulatory body should find modalities for easing international interconnectivity between Malambia and other countries networks for the Malambians who call or receive international calls. This may be achieved by reaching agreements and understandings with regulatory bodies of other countries or using the WTO regulations. Requirements For Smooth Interconnectivity Connectivity is based on the principles transparency and non-discrimination; Agreement on interconnectivity should involve willing parties; The acceptable standard of quality of networks should be agreed on; Adequate capacity for interconnectivity should be provided by operators; The cost of interconnectivity should be agreed on prior to interconnecting; Technical matters and international standards on interconnectivity between Network providers should be agreed on; Dispute between and among interconnected parties should be resolved by Regulator. Interconnection Services National and International Call Termination; also known as voice termination, refers to the handing off or routing of telephone calls from one telephone company, also known as a carrier or provider, to another. The terminating point is the called party or end point. The originating point is the calling party who initiates the call. National and International Call Transit/ Roaming; Indirect Access Services; Refers to the access that a subscriber whose service is directly connected to the network of one carrier may have to the services provided by another carrier or service provider (Ovum 2003) Source : Byung W. Kim, Chang Y. Choo, Seong H. Seol (n. d.) Economic Effects of Indirect Access Regime in the Mobile Telecommunicaion Market [online] available from [1 April 2010] Other services the Regulatory Authority must take care in interconnectivity are: Physical Interconnection; Access to the Information on the Operator and Directory Enquiries; Access to Emergency Services; Additional services (Premium Rate and Free Phone services); Co-location. Handling Interconnectivity Disputes The Regulatory Authority should resolve disputes among operators through negotiations and application of the standards and laws. There should be room for negotiations before cases are taken to the Regulatory Authority. Operators should not abuse consumer rights and the Regulator should apply the law where it occurs. Parties that are not happy with resolutions of the Regulatory body may appeal to the courts of law. Interconnection Billing And Charges Interconnectivity bills and charges may be done several ways such as: Parties can make their own reconciliation, Bills may be exchanged within an agreed period of time at the end of a billing period ; Exchanging invoices after reconciliation; Interconnectivity agreements should indicate the currency of payment whether local currency or international; Payment agreements should stipulate the payment after receipt of invoices. It common practice that providers pay a certain amount amongst themselves for calls. Impact Of New Ict Services For A Rapid Economic Growth Introduction When innovative technologies, ICT services and improved technologies are initiated in Malambia, the national economy will be enhanced. Synergies will be created with these technologies and services which will improve the socio-economic wellbeing of Malambians. This is likely to improve the living standards, health, commerce, fiscal state of the government and investment climate in the country. New Technologies With new technology in the countrys communication networks living conditions will be improved. Some of those technologies are listed as following: a. Multimedia applications such as WiMAX will be introduce in Malambia and their use will impact the different spheres of Malambians. b. Improvement of ICTs in Malambia will lead to provision high speed and quality, the multimedia audio and video and information streaming through technologies like WiBRO. c. Subscription to Pay per view Television (PTV) whether analogue or digital cable and satellite based TV services and digital terrestrial methods will ease access to information. Other modern technologies, which may bring rapid development and transformation, in Malambia, are: NGNs, W-CDMA, ADSL, GSM 1900, HC-SDMA, UMTS, CDMA, EV-DO and many others. New Services In Transformation Of Socio-Economy In Malambia The ICTs reforms in Malambia should be the socio-economic development and transformation. There is relationship between access to telecommunication and per capita GDP. With better communication Malambians will trade and get informed. All ICT services in Malambia will transform the socio-economic transformation of the people while giving confidence to international investors. This makes it imperative to the reform of ICTs in the country. Underdeveloped as the country is, Malambia needs to introduce different services to better its economy. Where such services have been introduced sustainable development been realised. The services that should be the acquisitions of Internet domains and sites, ICT Research and technological development, development and design in semiconductor, e-democracy, e-learning, e-government, telemedicine, e-procurement, e-commerce, video conferencing. There are many benefits to the people of Rwanlawi from the use mobile phones technology such as: Business will increase and become cheaper with the use mobile phones and use of SMS to make orders for products and service as sellers and buyers will be in touch at any time of the day. It will be important in Telemedicine, the Doctors can check on the status of the patients where they m