Study Guide, Principles of Marketing

Module Study Guide Taylor’s University Undergraduate Business Programs BUS2304 Principles of Marketing August Semester 2012 BUS2304 PRINCIPLES OF MARKETING Page 1 TUTORIAL 1: INTRODUCTION TO MARKETING CLASS ACTIVITIES: ? ? ? Module Information Booklet will be talked about and clarified in detail Form Groups Tutorial activities †Introducing the fundamentals ideas of advertising LEARNING OUTCOMES ? ? ? Comprehend key showcasing ideas and promoting the executives ways of thinking utilized in advertising arranging Understand the significance of advertising in strategic approaches Understand the idea of the showcasing experienceDiscussion addresses 1. What is the most stunning promoting experience you have ever had? ? Was it an individual representative or a business forms? ? Portray a circumstance where you turned into a â€Å"lost customer†. Was it as a result of poor item quality, poor assistance quality or both? Utilizing the idea of â€Å"consumer need† to d istinguish markets: What is National Express’s ‘product’? What showcase (need) does it serve? Who are their immediate rivals? What are the likely substitutes? BUS2304 PRINCIPLES OF MARKETING Page 2 What is their ‘product’?What markets do they serve? Who are their rivals? What new markets may they abuse? Diary Article: Theodore Levitt’s Marketing Myopia (1960) Students to comprehend the idea of ‘marketing myopia’ and the threats that characterizing their items and markets also barely may posture for an association. What is Cellular One selling? What promoting the executives theory do you find in proof? BUS2304 PRINCIPLES OF MARKETING Page 3 Is there anything that can't †or shouldn't †be advertised? BUS2304 PRINCIPLES OF MARKETINGPage 4 TUTORIAL 2: MARKETING ENVIRONMENT CLASS ACTIVITIES: ? ? Gathering action Discussion addresses LEARNING OUTCOME: ? ? ? Clarify how changes in the showcasing condition can impact promoting ex ercises Identify the distinctive smaller scale natural elements Identify the diverse full scale ecological variables TUTORIAL ACTIVITIES Discussion addresses 1. What are a portion of the social contrasts that you have seen when you lived or voyage abroad? ? What were a portion of the likenesses/contrasts that you watched? How much should social contrasts be considered in worldwide showcasing? 2. Envision an organization that is thinking about changing its product offering to turn out to be all the more earth well disposed, which may expand costs. Utilize the six significant powers of the macroenvironment and rundown upsides and downsides that the organization should contemplate before settling on its ultimate conclusion. Gathering Activity In a gathering †Bring broadsheet papers. Imprint/feature articles identifying with Macro and Micro condition. Clarify. Allude to models appeared by your tutor.BUS2304 PRINCIPLES OF MARKETING Page 5 TUTORIAL 3: CONSUMER BEHAVIOR 1 CLASS ACTIVI TIES: ? ? Conversation Questions Group movement LEARNING OUTCOME: ? ? ? ? Recognize the various attributes that impact customer conduct Differentiate the various sorts of purchasing conduct Identify the various stages in a purchaser choices process and apply distinctive promoting methodologies to invigorate premium/buy in these stages Identify the diverse full scale ecological components TUTORIAL ACTIVITIES Discussion questions Could KFC utilize this advertisement outside Asia?BUS2304 PRINCIPLES OF MARKETING Page 6 Group Activity 1 Examine Maslow’s 5 phase Hierarchy of requirements model. Experience the ads in your national and nearby papers, magazines and so on to check whether you can distinguish and gather in any event one commercial which centers around every one of those stages, from physiological (biogenic) through to self realization (psychogenic). Likewise consider TV channels and sites. Print out models in the event that you can. Action 2 Consider two buys you have m ade as of late e. g. soda pop (restricted critical thinking) and a vehicle, occasion, PC or a degree course. (broadened or included critical thinking). Look at for each situation how the dynamic procedure model laid out above may have contrasted. Here you may think about focusing on the evoked set and post psychological discord. Does your experience vary from the acknowledged hypothesis? In the event that so for what reason do you figure this might be? BUS2304 PRINCIPLES OF MARKETING Page 7 TUTORIAL 4: CONSUMER Behavior 2 CLASS ACTIVITIES: ? ? Conversation Questions Group movement LEARNING OUTCOME: ? ? ? Distinguish the various attributes that impact shopper conduct Differentiate the various sorts of purchasing conduct Identify the various stages in a purchaser choices process and apply distinctive advertising systems to invigorate intrigue/buy in these stages Identify the diverse large scale natural elements TUTORIAL ACTIVITIES Discussion addresses 1. Would the advertisers at Merce des be satisfied if the mentor of a brandishing group or the head educator at a grade school bought an A-Class? BUS2304 PRINCIPLES OF MARKETING Page 8Group Activity Social evaluation order The UK Office of National Statistics (ONS) created another financial characterization in 2001. The explanation was to give an increasingly complete and point by point characterization to consider more up to date work designs. Gathering 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Description Higher Professional and Managerial specialists Lower Managerial and Professional laborers Intermediate occupations Lower Supervisory and specialized Semi Routine Occupations Routine Occupations Long term jobless A B Grade C1 and C2 C1 and C2 D E Small Employers and non proficient independently employed C1 and C2Many business statistical surveying programs have discovered huge contrasts in purchasing conduct between the different social evaluations. The Market Research Society contends that this framework can be advocated as it is anything but difficult to explore and that the social evaluation seems, by all accounts, to be a sensibly decent discriminator in numerous item advertises profiled in MINTEL reports. Social evaluation reflects way of life designs and is utilized broadly by publicists while profiling customers. Questions a. How much do you believe that social class is a useful idea in improving the marketer’s comprehension of shopper conduct. . What do you the significant reactions to the social evaluation framework are? c. Think about the accompanying occupations and apportion a social evaluation to them: I. Understudy ii. Sanctioned Accountant iii. Bricklayer with City Council iv. A hiker v. A resigned retired person on state benefits vi. A High Court Judge BUS2304 PRINCIPLES OF MARKETING Page 9 vii. viii. ix. x. xi. xii. An independently employed handyman. Educator matured 23 (qualified) Teacher matured 32 (qualified) Retired representative, organization benefits Shop Assistant Unemployed ranch wor kerBUS2304 PRINCIPLES OF MARKETING Page 10 TUTORIAL 5: SEGMENTATION, TARGETING AND POSITIONING CLASS ACTIVITIES: ? ? ? Watch the video â€Å"LoReal Percier† Discuss questions Mini case conversation LEARNING OUTCOME: ? ? Distinguish the various bases for dividing customers and business markets. Assess showcase sections, select market fragments and pick advertise inclusion techniques TUTORIAL ACTIVITIES Discussion addresses 1. What is the essential method of reasoning for division? 2. What are a portion of the normal factors used to fragment a market? 3.What are the prerequisites for powerful division? 4. What is the contrast among division and focusing on? Gathering Discussion Market division is worked around distinguishing contrasts in needs between various gatherings of clients. How could a bank portion its customer showcase? BUS2304 PRINCIPLES OF MARKETING Page 11 Video: L’Oreal Watch the L’Oreal Percier video a) Who is the objective market for the item? b) Wh at bases for division has L’Oreal utilized? (Think about the significance of geographic, segment, social and psychographic)Read Tasty Bite: Coming to America (Textbook page 133) Discuss the division, focusing on and situating steps that Tasty Bite has taken in entering the US showcase. BUS2304 PRINCIPLES OF MARKETING Page 12 TUTORIAL 6: PRODUCT AND SERVICES STRATEGY 1 CLASS ACTIVITIES: ? ? ? Distinguishing mottos for brands Group movement Mini case LEARNING OUTCOME: ? ? ? Distinguish diverse item/administrations and their groupings Recognize the significance of marking, bundling and naming an item Suggest product offering and item blend systems for item/administration TUTORIAL ACTIVITIES . Brand Association and Slogans. Distinguish the brand name for every one of the accompanying trademark/state. What number of trademarks/phrases did you distinguish? 2. Brand 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Slogan Impossible is Nothing The world’s neighborhood bank It’ s the genuine article The world chief in oral consideration. The most remarkable soluble battery on the planet. Take capacity to the following level. Offer minutes. Offer life. Since I'm justified, despite all the trouble. Stir your faculties. Associating individuals. The decision of another age. There are a few things cash can’t purchase. For everything else, there’s [product name].Don’t venture out from home without it a definitive driving machine The most joyful spot on earth Put a tiger in your tank The intensity of dreams Page 13 BUS2304 PRINCIPLES OF MARKETING 18 19 20 Melts in your mouth, not in your grasp Just do it Give me a break! Peruse Pepsi Sakes bubble with constrained release soda pops (Textbook page 334) Read case 11. 2 (Textbook page 334) and answer the conversation questions. BUS2304 PRINCIPLES OF MARKETING Page 14 TUTORIAL 7: PRODUCT AND SERVICES STRATEGY 2 CLASS ACTIVITIES: ? ? Gathering action Case Study †New Belgium Brews up solid bran d value LEARNING OUTCOME: ? ? ?Distinguish distinctive item/administrations and their orders Recognize the significance of marking, bundling and naming an item Suggest product offering and item blend procedures for item/administration TUTORIAL ACTIVITIES 1. Gathering Activity †Who am I? a. Select an item class â€mobile telephones, PCs, vehicles and so forth b. Brai

Market Based Accounting Research Impacts

Market Based Accounting Research Impacts Market-based Accounting Research Presentation Bookkeeping gives budgetary information about the exhibition of an organization. This information empowers bookkeeping data clients, including financial specialists, to take their choices about putting resources into the portions of an organization. Also, bookkeeping research assesses the value of this bookkeeping information to financial specialists and different clients. The connection between the two can be analyzed through market-based bookkeeping research. Market-based bookkeeping research is a pursuit into connection between freely revealed bookkeeping data and the outcomes of utilization of this data by value financial specialists. At the end of the day, showcase based bookkeeping research analyzes the relationship between bookkeeping numbers and security return and tests whether bookkeeping information convey any data substance to security advertise. Justification for the Research Market-based Accounting Research is amazingly pertinent to the investigation of capital market productivity, CAPM, data financial matters and guideline. The primary drive of market-based bookkeeping research originates from significant improvements in money hypothesis during the most recent couple of decades, particularly in late 50s and mid 60s. These improvements incorporate portfolio choice hypothesis, Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM), and the idea of data productive capital markets followed by advancements in data financial matters, organization hypothesis and ideal motivation flagging models. The reason of this investigation has its premise in the examination here before. In the course of recent decades, a lot of research in showcase based bookkeeping research has risen to assess the helpfulness of bookkeeping information to financial specialists and the relationship between the bookkeeping numbers and security return. Truth be told in the ongoing years because of improvement of capital markets, globalization and increment in stock exchanging, showcase based bookkeeping research has gotten much progressively significant. Contemporary market-based bookkeeping research has basically centered around its universal measurement which has had significant approach suggestions for controllers and other people who manage exposure prerequisites in various stock trades. The focal point of this paper will be on analyzing how showcase based bookkeeping research impacts the sort of normal stock exchanged significant stock trades. Considering this, the investigation will look at the connection between bookkeeping numbers, securities exchange returns and market valuations. Key Aims Objectives As showed over, the prime focal point of the examination is to look at contemporary bookkeeping hypothesis and research with an accentuation on showcase based bookkeeping exploration and its effect on capital markets. As market put together bookkeeping research is based with respect to the valuation of firms and their protections, the utilization of fiscal summaries for valuation purposes, and the suggestions for monetary announcing and corporate administration, every one of these territories will frame a piece of this examination. The investigation plans to: Portray the idea of market based bookkeeping research Recognize the data substance of market-based bookkeeping research Give a knowledge into nearby economic situations just as similar universal condition of market-based bookkeeping research. Look at the job of market-based bookkeeping research and the significance of exposure of bookkeeping data on capital markets Look at how distributed data is utilized by financial specialists for structuring their exchanging techniques Portray how showcase based bookkeeping research data impacts the capital markets proficiency Portray bookkeeping based valuation and relate it to the substance of brokers’ reports Key Research Questions The three key research questions proposed to be analyzed by this investigation are: What is the job of bookkeeping data in capital markets? What is the data substance of bookkeeping data? What is the market-based bookkeeping research speculation in setting of impact on financial specialists putting resources into stocks? Another key research question is the manner by which the market responds to announced income, just as the effect of detailed profit on the properties of analysts’ conjectures. These inquiries, particularly the data substance of bookkeeping data, can be estimated by the impact of the data on security costs. While estimating the impact it is accepted that financial specialists can comprehend the distinctions in income that are because of contrasts between bookkeeping strategies. At the end of the day, the investigation depends on proficient market theory or the suspicion that stock costs precisely and rapidly adjust to all accessible data and in this manner keep people from getting unusual return. Proposed Research Methodology Wellsprings of Data/Information The examination will be both exploratory just as unmistakable and will depend on both essential just as optional wellsprings of data. Testing for Primary Information Essential information will be gathered from an example comprising of the two dealers just as individual and institutional dynamic financial specialists who have put resources into value partakes in a couple pre-chosen organizations recorded on the US or European stock trades. The time of speculation will be from 2000-2006 as 6 years is an adequate time to investigate the effect. These speculators will be picked based on the recurrence with which they put resources into the protections. Information will be gathered by regulating surveys looking for data on how these financial specialists settle on a venture choice. Wellsprings of Secondary Information The prime wellspring of optional information will be: Yearly reports of the chose organizations viable. The factors that will be engaged upon will incorporate stock returns, profits, overall gain on special, return of value, return on resource, obligation proportion, premium inclusion, current proportion, Price-winning proportion and cost. The last report will be enhanced with data from: Writing look ( allude rundown of references toward the finish of the report ) Past articles and research in the territory Web look: Searching explicit information from Yahoo and Google web search tool Information Analysis Information will be aggregated into information ace sheets. The factual portrayal for all the factors will be introduced in a different table. The different arrangements of data pooled over the multi year time of study will be unmistakably introduced in the table in setting of the different factors. The standard deviation and furthermore relationship between's the factors and the stock return will be resolved and dissected. Relationship will be founded on Karl Pearson’s strategy for connection. Notwithstanding standard deviation and connection, relapse examination will likewise be utilized for analyzing the market response to announced bookkeeping data. Relapse is utilized for examination of effect of autonomous factors on the needy variable. The reliant variable for relapse examination will be stock returns while the free factors will be profits, Net salary on Sale, return of value, return on resource, obligation proportion, premium inclusion, current proportion, and value income proportion. Relapse conditions will be illuminated utilizing Ordinary Least Square technique (OLS). Subjective information assembled from the speculators may remember assessments of respondents for a specific issues, explanations behind certain conduct and portrayals of specific techniques, practices or observations with which the analyst isn't comfortable. The information can be examined by ordering all answers into a couple of classes. References Abeyratna, G, A.A.Lonie, D.M. Force and C.D. Sinclair (1993), The Stock Market Reaction to Dividend Announcements: A UK Study of a Complex Market Signal, University of Dundee. Bonin, Joseph M. what's more, Edward A. Moses (1974), Seasonal Variations in Prices of Individual Dow Jones Industrial Stocks, Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis Charest, Guy (1978) Dividend Information, Stock Returns and Market Efficiency II, Journal of Financial Economics, Vol. 6 Dyckman, Thomas R. what's more, Dale Morse (1986), Efficient Capital Markets and Accounting: A Critical Analysis, Prentice-Hall. Cultivate, Taylor W. what's more, Don Vickrey (1978) The Information Content of Stock Dividend Announcement, Accounting Review. Vol. LIII. No. 2 Kinney, W. (April 1986.), Empirical Accounting Research Design for Ph.D. Understudies, Accounting Review Kothari, S.P. Capital Markets Research in Accounting, Journal of Accounting and Economics Vol. 31 Nos. 1-3 Ross, Stephen A. 1978, The Current Status of the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM). The Journal of Finance, Vol.XXXIII. No. 3 Scholes, Myron S. 1972. The Market for Securities: Substitution versus Price Pressure and the Effects of Information on Share Prices, Journal of Business

4 Ways Technology Is Revolutionizing Communications

4 Ways Technology Is Revolutionizing Communications Make Money Online Queries? Struggling To Get Traffic To Your Blog? Sign Up On (HBB) Forum Now!Not Your Grandad’s PR: 4 Ways Technology Is Revolutionizing CommunicationsUpdated On 19/07/2016Author : Pradeep KumarTopic : TechnologyShort URL : http://hbb.me/29RZNYu CONNECT WITH HBB ON SOCIAL MEDIA Follow @HellBoundBlogYou’re probably getting sick of hearing about technology’s power to transform this and disrupt that. It’s exciting to imagine the possibilities of a high-tech future, sure, but the implications of an increasingly efficient, automated world are far from reassuring. One has only to look to the current political landscape to appreciate the undesirable byproducts of our technological society.Ways Technology Is Revolutionizing CommunicationsThe communications industry isn’t often thought of as a vanguard of technological change. After all, the fundamental relationship at the heart of strategic communications â€" between the organizations positioning themselves for t he public, and the public itself â€" remains unaltered. Organizations still talk, and people still listen.But the conversations themselves look very different today than even 10 or 20 years ago. As new modes of communication and organization arise in the years to come, they’ll continue to evolve. Whether your company is looking to invest in strategic communications for the first time or you’re shopping for a new communications partner that (you hope) can provide a fresh perspective on branding and broadcasting in an always-connected world, you need to understand four trends that will undoubtedly affect your experience.1. Channels Are MultiplyingThis is a blessing and curse. On the one hand, the proliferation of communications channels â€" some quite narrowly tailored to consumer personas â€" makes it easier to identify and reach receptive audience groups. A comprehensive, fully utilized communications portfolio theoretically leads to a more robust, lively conversation â€" and al lows communicators to make deeper inroads with the demos they need most.On the other hand: to overmatched observers, it can appear that communications channels are proliferating like so many weeds in an untended garden. That’s overwhelming to people who don’t do this stuff for a living. It’s tougher to manage, even for competent communicators. Without an expert (or team of experts) at the helm, it can lead to oversights, self-inflicted wounds, and outright crises.READWhy Teenagers Love to have Smartphones?2. Conversants Are Smarter, More Informed Better Equipped to Call B.S.No use sugar-coating it. With so much information (and spin) at their fingertips, audiences are smarter and better informed than ever before. That means they’re more adept at â€" and, unfortunately, often relish â€" calling B.S. on less-than-plausible information.“Your audience is smarter than you think,” says Rosemary Plorin, president and CEO of Nashville-based Lovell Communications. “They’ll f orgive a lot, but not being made a fool.”3. Response Times Are Shrinking“In a crisis, you must measure your response window in minutes, not hours or days,” says Sandy Muller, a crisis communications consultant in the public safety field. “Every moment that goes by without an effective response is a moment that your opponents â€" or the gods of pure chance â€" can use to frame the situation’s terms. The longer you wait, the thicker the cast around those terms becomes.”According to Muller, effective crisis management starts with proactive monitoring. How is your organization perceived? What are others saying about it? Where and when are your employees and associates discussing, promoting or badmouthing it? The moment your team identifies a potential flashpoint, that proactive monitoring hum needs to become an active crisis response roar.3. Social Media Rules the RoostIn the span of little more than a decade, social media has transformed from an amateur curiosity into a mul tibillion-dollar industry. It’s now among the most important communications channels, both in strategic framing conversations and crisis responses. And that status actually undersells its importance somewhat, given the incredible (and ever-increasing) variety of social channels available to tech-savvy communicators. If your organization isn’t social, it’s got some serious catching up to do.Is your company keeping up with the pace of change?

Book Report on A Modern Utopia by H. G. Wells Essay

Book Report on A Modern Utopia by H. G. Wells H. G. Wells’ book, A Modern Utopia was published in 1905. This book seems to be unique for two reasons. As Wells tells us, it is told from the point of view of a whitish plump man that he calls the Voice (1). This allows the book to be what Wells calls, a sort of shot-silk texture between philosophical discussion on the one hand and imaginative narrative on the other because the Utopia that we visit in the story is the one inside the mind of the Voice or the narrator (ix). He (the Voice) is talking to a friend, a botanist that continues with him on his journeys, about utopian thought when suddenly these two men have been transported past Sirius to Utopia, the Voice’s ideal planet†¦show more content†¦The reader finds out at this point that the men had really only been on holiday and the narrator had dreamed his Utopia so intensely that he made it real for himself. The men were really still on Earth, merely having conversations about a hypothetical Utopia. Nonet heless, while reading the book, even though the reader knows that this Utopia is fabricated, it seems as if they are intruders in a new world. The world that the narrator imagines is uniquely utopian because it is not static. It is constantly trying to improve itself. Before discussion of how Utopia constantly improves itself, it is interesting to note that this statement implies that this Utopia is not perfect. This is acknowledged near the beginning of the book when the two men meet a traveler who questions the establishment and would rather there be buildings. He says; [Buildings are] a mere rash. Why should we men play the part of bacteria upon the face of our Mother?(116). Still this he is not separate from civilization, as he makes, some considerable way above the minimum wage (117). 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The mass hysteria between todays society and the Salem...

The mass hysteria between today’s society and the Salem witch hunt can be compared through Freedom , Religion ,and the killing of innocent victims. Mass hysteria has caused a lot of destruction in society throughout the years. It has brought about a lot of chaos in both Salem as well as the present society. Mass hysteria has brought out a lot of fear in people in both Salem and present society. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Freedom in today’s society is totally different from back when the witch trials were going on in Salem. By the people in the United States being able to do whatever we want to do whenever we want to do it. Compared to the people in Salem always being accused and checked up on for being a witch. 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The infamous witch hunts of 1692 and wild accusations of a subversive culture that threatened to tear away at the fabric of society are at the center of the film. Originally conceived in the 1950â€℠¢s during the red scare, it is well known and accepted that Miller sought to highlightRead MoreHysteria In The Crucible1452 Words   |  6 Pagesthe tale persists, Salem, Massachusetts gets wound up in the witch hunt of 1692, creating an infectious hysteria on all the villagers. City-wide fear overtakes individual thought and reasoning as well as it can today in America’s â€Å"trivial† matters. The Crucible has many components where the characters experience moments of hysteria. The play introduces the concept of witchcraft where in a Puritan society is strictly forbidden as it goes against all God-like practice. Hysteria is introduced withRead MoreThe Trials Of The Salem Witch Trials2486 Words   |  10 PagesThe Salem Witch Trials were a series of accusations, trials, and executions based on the supposed outbreak of witchcraft in Salem, Massachusetts. The trials began during the spring of 1692, and the last of them ended in 1693. It all started when two young girls, Abigail and Betty Parris, began experiencing violent convulsions and outbursts, which were thought to be brought about by witchcraft. Whether they were faking these symptoms, were afflicted with an actual sickness, or were experiencing themRead MoreThe Alien And Sedition Acts1274 Words   |  6 PagesStates, one such set of acts played a key role in the way unto which this nation was formed and continues to affect it today. The Alien and Sedition Acts changed American ideology in the 18th Century and again influences the nation in the current era. By first understanding what the Alien and Sedition Acts were, how they shaped the nation s development, and their role in America today, the importance and influence that these acts had, will become prevalent and give insight into the very fabric of this

Racism And Social Darwinism New Imperialism - 2204 Words

During the 1880’s, an idea known as â€Å"new imperialism† caused most of Europe to enter a period of colonial expansion that placed parts of both Africa and Asia under European control. Before 1880, Europe had little influence in Africa. They had relations with the governments and nations that were present, trading slaves and goods between continents. However, in a period known as the â€Å"Scramble for Africa†, Africa was divvied up among the giants: Great Britain took South Africa, Nigeria, and Kenya; France, North and West Africa; and Germany, East and Southwest Africa. Three main factors motivated this new imperialism. The first was a combination of racism and Social Darwinism -- the latter being the belief that, in the struggle between nations, only the strong will prevail. The second stemmed from religion, and was known as â€Å"The White Man’s Burden†-- the idea that Europeans were obligated to bring technology and order to lands that until then had not tasted the amenities of their so-called â€Å"civilization†. The third was economics, for the untapped stores of Africa would bring the nation who could take advantage of them great wealth. Were one to say, â€Å"Late 19th century European imperialism was primarily an economic undertaking†, then they would be partially correct; all these factors influenced the actions of the European nations uniquely. 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Architecture of British India-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Analyze and Discuss Cultural, Social, Political or theoretical Issues of Architectural History Specific to the chosen topic. Answer: The essay focuses on the architecture of British India that helped in representing and promoting civilised influence in the country. The essay discusses the impact of the architectural landmarks in developing India as a civilised country in the world. The history behind the British rule in the development of architecture in India is also discussed in the report. During the colonisation of the countries, people from Britain built upon the richness of the countries. The architectural establishments helped the British people to establish a firm foothold in the colonised countries and ensure that modernity is spread in the countries (Jia et al. 2014). The birth of a new and modern India can be attributed due to the introduction of British rule in India. The development of modern architecture in India is largely due to the existence of cultural expression and identity of the Western forms. According to Anderson (2013), the reason for colonisation was the development of architectural buildings in order to improve cultural hegemony. Moreover, the expansion of Western culture during did not contribute to the expansion of the architectural culture of the British people but also helped in adopting the cultures of the colonised countries. Thus the development of architectural culture in Britain and India has helped in improving the civilised culture within India. In the light of this statement, it can be said that the emergence of British rule in India has had many positive impacts in the development of India. The British wanted to colonise India due to the existence of the richness of the country. The rule continued from 1858 till 1947 during which time most of the modern architectural landmarks were developed. Ching (2014) stated that ap art from architectural development, the country was also developed economically. Economic trends such as the development of industries, railways and policies also resulted due to the existence of British rule in India. The development of railways is considered to be one of the best architectural projects in the country. This is mainly because of the fact that the railways helped in the development of communication from one part of the country to another. The construction of railways also paved way for building the modern architectural buildings as it became easier to shift materials from one part of the country to another. According to Schmidt et al. (2013), the development of architectural buildings started from the ancient periods during the time of the rise of dynasties in the country. The development of architectural buildings such as the Stupa of Sanchi or the Pillar of Ashoka proved to be significant landmarks in the country. With the coming of the Mughals, India was enriched with the development of the Taj Mahal that is considered as one Seven Wonders of the World. These places attracted the interests of the British and paved way for the age of colonisation. Smith (2014) stated that the ultimate contribution in the field of architectural development came into existence from the British rule. In order to ensure that the spread of culture is maintained, the British people managed to overthrow the constructions of the Maratha and Sikhs and construct buildings that emerged as the architectural heritage of the country. These architectural heritages helped in the development of civilisation in India. For example, the construction of the Rashtrapati Bhavan is considered as one of the finest buildings in India. Originally the building was constructed in order to house the Viceroy of India. During the colonial days, the Viceroy was considered as a person holding prominent power and position (Kelly 2015). Hence, the base of operations in terms of taking decisions was conducted from the building. In the modern era, this building is used by the President of India in order to conduct political meetings for the country. Apart from the Rashtrapati Bhavan, the construction of courthouses and other buildings related to the political aspects of the country have been constructed during the British rule. Places such as Victoria Memorial are another architectural site that was constructed by the British in order to commemorate Queen Victoria. Hence, according to Brittain-Catlin (2017), the architectural sites that had been constructed by the British serve the purpose of fulfilling the main requirements of the country during colonisation. Nevertheless, it has helped in improving the civilisation of India and has brought about modernisation in the country. As of today, these sites are considered as ancient heritage sites of the country and are useful for attracting tourists. The attraction of tourist is a way of increasing the economy of the country as well as improves upon the culture of the country. Shukla and Misra (2016) observed that the idea of modern architecture in India is most difficult to understand as there exists no clue about the development of architecture. As stated earlier, the development of architectural richness in the country started from ancient times. The advent of the British rule modernised the concept and provided the impression that the era of modernisation in India had begun. Some scholars deem it to be true as, without the construction of the political house, courtrooms, transportation facilities and so on, India could still remain as one of the underprivileged and underdeveloped countries. The historical aspects of the development of architecture in India have evolved with the change in time. The ideas formulated by during the British rule were considered modern due to the existence of some of the ancient relics. However, as stated by Hunt (2013) the preservation of the ancient relics were made in order to send a message about the unity of the country . The post-British rule, the development of the art of the 20th century created a uniform architectural movement in the country. With proper analysis and understanding of arts and architecture, India was transformed into a modern artistic country with the development of civilisation. In this regard, the modernisation was considered as an overall approach to life that helped in designing the world taking in consideration the works of great minds in the history of Indian literature. The biggest development that occurred during the British rule was the fact that the public buildings that were designed for the purpose of carrying out British colonisation operations became a centre of attraction for the people. Educational institutions, railway stations and monuments became a landmark for the country. These were constructed in order to demonstrate the superiority of the British culture in terms of cultural and architectural design. Some of the structures in the modern days include the monuments that were constructed during the time of the Mogul period. This signifies the fact that the architectures in the country are a mixture of Indo-European culture. Dobraszczyk (2014) stated that the study of architecture in India developed after the end of the British rule. However, it can be said that the architectural monuments that were built during the ancient days did not need people to be trained by any institutions. Natural talents of the people helped in the constructio n of the buildings that were built before the emergence of the British in India. Post-emergence of the British rule, many modern technologies were developed that highlighted the progress of the nation and helped in the construction of the British cultural sites in the countries. According to Misra (2016), during the time of independence India had a handful of trained architects. The population of the country was as high as 330 million with only one institution dedicated to teaching arts. However, the number grew with time and people pursuing courses related to the history of India began to take interest in the architecture of the country. Financially capable people moved abroad to study art and be enriched with the culture of different countries. The reverse is also true as people from abroad travel to India to study art and try to create a fusion between the style of arts in India and abroad. This is an important step in the development of civilisation in the country as the people began to be more civilised by pursuing the Western cultures (Almeida 2017). Over the years, the country has developed and has managed to make minute changes in the traditional monuments and places that have been the landmark of the country. This is mainly due to the fact that Indi an people studying abroad have contributed to the wellbeing of the country. The advent of civilised culture began with adopting ideas from the foreign lands and implicating it in order to enrich the cultural heritage of the country. According to Hunt (2016), the development of civilisation in India began early during the ancient times. Ancient history claims the development of Indus Valley, Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa as the early strides towards building a civilised India. This was the early phase in which the development of coins and some of the modern day tool was developed. Over the ages development towards a civilised culture in India progressed with the emergence of the rulers and dynasties. The development of coins, weapons and so on helped in civilising India to some extent. These proved to be the base of which the adoption of modern technologies from the British rule was accepted in the country. However, Pinter-Wollman, Fiore and Theraulaz (2017) stated that during the British rule many Indians had opposed the use of technologies due to the fight for independence in the country. This resulted in some backwardness in the advent to civilisation in the country. However, with the effectiveness of the technolog y, the country began to be more civilised in terms of the development of architecture. The tools and materials brought about by the British contributed to the development of proper development of architects as well as a civilised people. Hutchins (2015) is of the opinion that civilisation does not refer to the development of the people in terms of reduced crime rates. The term is used to indicate the social development that is undergone in a country in terms of the behaviours of the inhabitants. Human development, advancement in the field of technology, culture and education and so on constitutes the development of civilisation in a country. In this regard, it can be said that a particular country cannot be considered as highly developed or civilised as there exist some flaws in the development. Every country wants to be civilised covering all the aspects that are required for the growth of civilisation. For example, India is considered to be a hugely populated country currently at the developing stage. The country is equipped with modern technologies and development in the economy in terms of the rising of industries. The level of development in the country is different as compared to other countries due to the exis tence of a mixed cultural heritage. Hunt (2013) stated that civilised India began after the independence the country. This is mainly due to the fact that the freedom wars between the British and India led to the rise of many uncivilised activities. In this regard, it can be said that the British people provided the impetus for the growth of a civilised culture in India. However, Sen (2016) stated that many people are of the opinion that the British rule causes the decline of civilised in India. This is because the advent of new technologies, monuments and other architectural development overshadowed the ancient tradition of the country. The development of relics, architecture, philosophies and cultures began from the ancient times. Hence, the advent of the British rule led to the destruction of the ancient beliefs and installed a sense of new cultural development in the country. According to Hawes (2013), this is a debatable factor among many scholars as it is important to identify the extent to which the cause and effects of the development of British culture in India. Hence, people of India are divided in terms of providing opinions about the pros and cons of British rule. In the light of this, it can be said that the mixture of Indo-European culture is one of the biggest advantages that the country has witnessed during the time of civilising the country. Some of the opinions of the scholars can be analysed in order to understand the impact of the Indo-European culture in the country. Hawes (2013) stated that India had been an agricultural country in the ancient times. The fact that the people managed to create food for the mass and ensure that other people got work in terms of aiding in the agricultural fields marks the development of civilisation. Evidence of such agricultural background can be traced back to the ancient times. The growth of crops such as rice, indigo and wheat were the main components that helped India to remain a country of interest in the ancient times. This resulted in attracting the dynasties that ruled the country and the emergence of British rule. The crops harvested in the country were used by the British to enrich their land thereby, exploiting the poor people of the country. The economic exploitation that the British rule caused in the country can be considered as negligible given the development of infrastructure and industries in the country (Viswanathan 2014). This can be argued by stating that the education on science and technolog y provided to the people of India during the British rule were not aimed at the development of the country. Rather the aim was to execute a complete domination of the country by using technologies developed abroad. The fact that the local dialect proved to be difficult for the British prompted the Empire recruited Indian people for their benefit. This led to the slow development of civilised culture among Indians. Most people are of the opinion that the developing stage of the country would not have occurred had the British people not conquered the land (Khan 2017). This is evident from the fact that the growth of infrastructure, modes of communication and industries developed as a result of the British rule. However, Smith (2014) stated that trade relations are also important for the growth of a civilised nation. Modern technologies spread from one country to another largely due to the existence of various industries in the country. Trade between countries have resulted in the development of technologies and contributed to the growth of a civilised country. In this regard, an example of Japan can be considered as a highly developed and civilised country in the world. Unlike India, Japan was not colonised by any of the European countries. However, due to the trade relations with other countries in the world, Japan managed to develop itself in terms of culture, technology and industries. Thus, the British rule has managed to exploit India more than it has helped in its development. The native of the country were forced to harvest crops that were sold to the British people at low prices. The growth of crops like cotton and indigo is used for the development of fashionable industries and the selling of these in large amounts helped in the growth of the economy of Britain. In this regard, a counter statement can be made citing the art of learning to harvest these crops. Despite these flaws, the British rule provided historical landmarks in the country. It is due to the existence of such landmarks and the rich history of the country; people from abroad are attracted to study and perform research in India. This is one way of improving the economic growth of the country. The British rule also united the nation which may have been difficult during the time of the dynasty rulers in the country. The emergence of courts and the Indian Civil Service helped in civilising the country as any crime committed in the country are solved by courts. In modern day, however, the civilised people of India have had some setbacks in terms of behaviours and the way by which people are treated. Ching (2014) stated that the mixture of the Indo-European culture proved to have a positive impact on the country. The unification of the political parties in the country made India develop into a democracy. The development of modern transport facilities also contributed to the grow th of a civilised country. This is largely backed by the modern education that the people receive. This contributes to the modernising of the society and making the country more civilised (Pinter-Wollman, Fiore and Theraulaz (2017). Thus, it can be said that despite the differences of opinion of the people, the cultural identity of India has resulted from the British rule. The architectural buildings, development of educational centres, modernising of the country are a result of the 200 years of British rule over India (Anderson 2013). The fact that the economy of India has been exploited vehemently is indicative of the current economic state of the country. The architecture of modern India contributes to civilising the society with the mixture of western as well as regional cultures and ideas. One of the most important aspects of modern India is the fact that most of the technological development, cultural development and the lifestyle of the people are mainly due to the existence of British rule in the ancient times. Dobraszczyk (2014) observed the fact that the development of India from an agricultural based country to a technologically driven country is one of the biggest achievements of the country since it s independence. Thus, it can be concluded that the architectural development during the British rule contributed significantly to the growth of a civilised nation. Some of the modern facilities and technologies that are used in the modern world were developed during the British rule. The foundation of civilisation in India began in the ancient days and resulted in the slow development of the country. Despite varied opinions, British rule and architecture have contributed heavily to the progress of India. The economic exploitation that the country had encountered during the British rule can be recovered with the modernising of the society. Thus, the contribution of the architectural buildings promoted a civilising influence in the country. References Almeida, Hermionede.Indian Renaissance: British romantic art and the prospect of India. Routledge, 2017. Anderson, John R.The architecture of cognition. Psychology Press, 2013. Brittain-Catlin, Timothy. "Realism in Nineteenth-Century British Architecture." (2017): 174-191. Ching, Francis DK.Architecture: Form, space, and order. John Wiley Sons, 2014. Dobraszczyk, Paul. "Imperial Gothic: Religious Architecture and High Anglican Culture in the British Empire, 18401870." (2014): 372-374. Hawes, Christopher J.Poor Relations: The Making of a Eurasian Community in British India, 1773-1833. Routledge, 2013 Hunt, Roger. "Architecture and climate: an environmental history of British architecture 16002000." (2013): 284-285. Hunt, Tristram. "India has an extraordinary collection of cities which form a key part of the story of British colonialismTristram Hunt MP."South Asia@ LSE(2016). Hutchins, Francis G.The illusion of permanence: British imperialism in India. Princeton University Press, 2015. Jia, Yangqing, Evan Shelhamer, Jeff Donahue, Sergey Karayev, Jonathan Long, Ross Girshick, Sergio Guadarrama, and Trevor Darrell, Convolutional architecture for fast feature embedding." InProceedings of the 22nd ACM international conference on Multimedia, pp. 675-678. ACM, 2014. Kelly, Jessica. "Vulgar modernism: JM Richards, modernism and the vernacular in British architecture."Architectural History58 (2015): 229-259. Khan, Shafaat Ahmad.Sources for the history of British India in the seventeenth century. Vol. 22. Routledge, 2017. Misra, Manjusha. "Laurie Bakers contribution to the continuation of vernacular architecture in India."International Journal of Environmental Studies73, no. 4 (2016): 631-650. Pinter-Wollman, Noa, Stephen M. Fiore, and Guy Theraulaz. "The impact of architecture on collective behaviour."Nature Ecology Evolution1, no. 5 (2017): s41559-017. Schmidt, Douglas C., Michael Stal, Hans Rohnert, and Frank Buschmann.Pattern-Oriented Software Architecture, Patterns for Concurrent and Networked Objects. Vol. 2. John Wiley Sons, 2013. Sen, Sudipta.A distant sovereignty: National imperialism and the origins of British India. Routledge, 2016. Shukla, Bulbul, and Manjusha Misra. "Built from below: British architecture and the vernacular." (2016): 674-676. Smith, Peter R. "Architecture and climate: an environmental history of British architecture 16002000." (2014): 84-85. Viswanathan, Gauri.Masks of conquest: Literary study and British rule in India. Columbia University Press, 2014.