Impact of ICT on Country Development

Impact of ICT on Country Development Executive Summary In this presentation we give advice to the Government of Malambia, a least developed country with a GDP per capita of US$480 and whose population of 39 million people majority of whom live in the rural areas. In the capital city, a monopoly network of fixed telephones under the direct control of the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications, has reached only 9% out of over 5 million. The rural areas have a teledensity of 0.25%. This advice includes how the country, which has recently discovered a huge source of oil in an undeveloped location 100 kilometres from the capital to a prosperous ICT driven country. This advice is laid out in National strategy for communications development in a chronological order beginning with justification to break monopoly and need for competition policy in Malambia. It shows the legal requirements and explains the privatised commercial environment. In the next chapter the proposed establishment of a national regulatory authority is discussed showing: types of regulatory bodies, the role of regulatory authority which will include among others; monitoring use of frequency spectrum, approval of communication equipment, Management frequency spectrum, protection of consumers, licensing and pricing of telecommunications operators, managing Internet protocol addresses and number portability and Universal access, frequency planning and policy, and Interconnectivity, Under the same chapter we discuss possible structure regulatory body, the needed rules and regulation, the Legal, requirements for the regulatory authority, its independence and structure of the regulatory authority. In the next chapter we examine rolling-out ICT coverage in Malambia and we look at, Internet service provision, Connectivity of broadband, Introduction of VOIP services, Oil and its impact on ICT development and strategies for ICT expansion strategies. In the next chapter we propose radical proposals for network interconnectivity with emphasis on; general agreements on interconnectivity, requirements for smooth interconnectivity, interconnection services, handling interconnectivity disputes and interconnection billing and charges In the next chapter, we examine the likely impact of new ICT services for a rapid economic growth in terms of new technologies, new services in transformation of socio-economy, converged ICT services and give examples. Finally we make recommendations which we believe will be useful and urge policy makers in Malambia to examine them and apply them. Preamble At the end of 2009, over 145 Regulatory Bodies were identified as being in place worldwide but Malambia currently doesnt have one. The Telecommunications industry in Malambia is still in monopolistic environment with the incumbent only telecommunication network offering fixed telephone services under the control of the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications. Luckily for the people of Malambia a huge source of oil was discovered recently in an undeveloped location 100 kilometres from the capital. One expert estimates this oil to produce revenue by 2015. The discussion in this paper is advice to the government of Malambia on how the country can transform itself from its current lowly developmental status with emphasis on telecommunications in its many forms. Specifically the paper will discuss the following: A national strategy for communications development A description of the proposed regulatory structure Suggestions as to how the coverage level of the population can achieve 65% by 2015 Radical proposals on network interconnection New services that will assist with transforming the countries economy It is suggested that the government and people of Malambia give the proposed changes support through the legislature and the different processes to achieve the transformation in telecommunications that will give the country the impetus to economic and social progress in the modern era of communications. National Strategy For Communications Development The Need To Break Monopoly The liberalisation is the opening of a monopolistic market to competitive provision of facilities and services removal of legal constraints which prevent communication service providers from entering markets and providing competitive services. Market liberalisation seeks to remove administrative and regulatory encumbrances that are related to business start-up, operation, trade, payment of taxes, closure and capital flows and profit repatriation by reducing the time and cost associated with various government and other requirements (Canto 2010: 1). Malambia needs to liberalise the telecommunications sector to make change to previous legal restrictions in telecommunications policy and come up with a new Communication laws, the creation of a Communication Regulatory Authority, the streamlining of national policy to international standards, and the preparation of policy for investment and business control. In most World Trade Organisation (WTO) member countries, liberalisation has come to mean the opening of a monopolistic market to competitive provision of facilities and services, whether the former monopoly operator is a state enterprise or a private enterprise (World Bank, 2006). Justification For A Competition Policy In Malambia A monopoly granted either to an individual or to a trading company has the same effect as a secret in trade or manufactures. The monopolists, by keeping the market constantly under-stocked, by never fully supplying the effectual demand, sell their commodities much above the natural price, and raise their emoluments, whether they consist in wages or profit, greatly above their natural rate. (Smith 1776) ICT reforms in Malambia should geared towards breaking the monopolistic government owned telecommunications company and allow many operators to compete for service delivery. Competition helps the country in many ways such as; competitive prices as consumers can choose the company of their choice, introduction of different products and services and innovations. As competition among service providers increases more customers are brought into the business bracket and therefore the government gets more taxes which are used to develop other sectors of the economy. With prospects for oil revenues many international telecommunications companies will come to Malambia only if the telecommunications environment is liberalised. Legal Requirements In short, competition policy in Malambia will encourage efficiency, optimum allocation of resources and technical advancement but this will need to be secured by law. First, the single most important factor to successful privatisation or liberalisation is clear government goals for the telecom sector and the adoption of policies to achieve those goals. Second, one critical issue for successful liberalisation is an open and transparent regulation. The WTO agreement requires that the regulator be independent of state operator, as this allows accountability, transparency and equity (Canto 2010: 5). Malambian government will therefore need to prepare an anti-monopoly Bill that will be discussed and forwarded to the Parliament to be signed as an act of Parliament and then by the president into law. Modern competition law has historically evolved on a country level to promote and maintain competition in markets principally within the territorial boundaries of nation-states. National competition law usually does not cover activity beyond territorial borders unless it has significant effects at nation-state level (Martyn 2006: 1).When protected by law most international companies feel secure to invest in a country and Malambia will not be exceptional. The Privatised Commercial Environment An environment in which it is possible to establish a company with a number of shareholders under a legal name and trade mark is referred to as a commercial environment. Privatisation is the transfer of assets or service delivery from the Government agencies to individuals or groups of individuals. The transfer be exclusive to the operation, management or total ownership of formerly government owned entities. Privatisation of Malambia ICT services will bring about numerous benefits such as better and diversified products and services, cheaper services as there will not be price fixing, innovations in products and service delivery in order for companies to get or retain clients, wider coverage as competing firms search for clients and of course more revenues to the government in terms of taxes. A privatised environment calls for private investors to invest their capital in companies as companies need to use the capital to upgrade their hardware, invest in new technologies and acquire the essentials for the companies to because there are no government subsidies to use. Private investors want to make sure there will be returns on their investments and will make sure there is fair-play, a level playing field and security for their investments. Fair-play among the different operators is ensured by a regulatory body that monitors and evaluates how the operators follow and abide by the rules, regulations and laws in place. Proposed Establishment Of Malambia Regulatory Authority In order to enforce the application and use of the communication laws, rules and regulations in the liberalised market, attract regional and international investors and protect consumers from cartels and overpricing through collusion in ICT sector in Malambia, there is need to set up an Independent Communications Regulatory Authority to ensure a smooth transition from a single government operator to multi-operators in the ICT sector. Malambia should use the regulatory body to: create and deliver fair, accessible, faster and modern service to consumers; allow access to a wide range of communications services; attract regional/international investors; put in place reasonable prices and quality of communication services; protect consumers from high tariffs; allow smooth coexistence of different operators; ensure the independence for policy-makers and operators. Types Of Regulatory Bodies There are different types of regulatory bodies: a single-sector regulator, a converged institutional design, a multi-sector regulatory authority likes the Rwanda Utilities Regulatory Agency (RURA) and a non specific telecommunications regulatory authority (ICT regulation toolkit 2010): It is recommended that converged institutional design which refers to regulatory bodies that oversee a range of services which include telecommunications, information and communications technologies and broadcasting, will be best suitable for Malambia considering the fact that it will be changing from a one operator monopoly type of market, bearing in mind the availability of resources especially human resources. The Role Of Regulatory Authority In Malambia In discussing the role of the regulatory body in Malambia emphasis is placed on its role in the privatised and liberalised telecommunication sector. Other sector may be considered by the policy makers. The regulatory body should have the following policy principles: a. Always make consultations with all stakeholders and evaluate the possible impact of their action prior to imposing regulations actors in the sectors. b. Make research on markets always and remain abreast with technological understanding. c. Avoid intervention, but do so promptly, effectively and firmly when required. d. Ensure interventions that are proportionate, consistent, transparent, accountable and which is based on evidence when investigating and implementing the resolutions. e. Where specific statutory duty to work calls for it, Intervene for a public policy and goal which cannot be achieved by markets. f. With stated policy objectives, regulate and articulate publicly discussed annual plan. g. In regulatory matters, seek less intrusion to attain its stated policy objectives. Monitoring Use Of Frequency Spectrum This refers to the support and supervision of the operation of communication networks and stations according to the legislation. This will allow economical and sustainable provision of communication services to their customers by identifying transmitter, monitor compliance with regulations and whether the transmission meet the specified technical requirements. This will prevent unlicensed and defective transmitters from interfering with legally permitted transmitters. Approval Of Communication Equipment The Regulatory Authority ensures that all communication equipment entering the country conform to acceptable national, regional and international standards to ensure the quality and safety of users. It will the ensure quality of services provided by operators, safety and compatibility among the different users. In this regard the regulatory authority will ensure that the quality Malambians is above reproach and is acceptable. Management Frequency Spectrum There is need to set up a clear policy on frequency spectrum management to ensure a rational, efficient and economic use of frequencies. This should be by virtue of existing legal and regulatory framework that governs ICT in the country and applied by the Regulatory Authority. The frequency spectrum may cover three sections which are frequency assignment, frequency spectrum monitoring and frequency spectrum enforcement. Protection Of Consumers Communication licenses include conditions that protect the consumers such as billing practices, dispute resolution, consumer complaint mechanisms, price regulation, emergency services, and mandatory services to consumers and limitations of liability for service defaults. The Regulatory Authority should make and publicise a code of conduct for service providers showing the required behaviour, duties and responsibilities in ICT sector. Consumers should be protected from excessive prices, poor service delivery and unreliable service provision such as poor lines or intermittent telephone lines. Licensing And Pricing Of Telecommunications Operators The legal framework should empower the Regulatory Authority to receive and process applications for communication licenses, monitor the pricing, arbitrate disputes and interconnectivity between the different communications providers, if requirements are met. Operators licenses are normally issued through open tender to allow equal opportunities to the bidders and get the best offers from operators in the communication service providers. Internet Protocol Addresses And Number Portability Regulatory Authorities are responsible for developing national numbering plans in conformity with international standards bearing in mind the need to synchronise with regional and international norms. Regulatory Authority in Malambia shall set these numbers in tandem with the recommendations of the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN), telephone numbering plan and the International Telecommunication Union (ITU). The Regulator will put in place the numbering system bearing mind the international standards and regional norms. The Regulator will also set requirements and registrars which must be met an entity to be licensed for IP address. Universal Access Universal accessrefers to the ability of all people to have equal opportunity and access to a service or product from which they can benefit, regardless of their social class, ethnicity, ancestry or physical disabilities. There should be a clause in each operators license obliging them not to discriminate certain areas because they are remote, poor or inaccessible and the regulator should monitor their implementation by ensure ICT services are spread according to the universal access principles in order to connect remote area so that each all people of can be provided with the benefits. The Regulatory Authority should also manage the Universal Access Funds and collect revenue from various sources, which targeted subsidies to implement universal programs. These funds shall be administered independently. Frequency Planning And Policy Regulatory Authority for an efficient development of implementation policies and plans relating to should plan and put in place policies for the spectrum utilisation. It is possible to use frequencies generate incomes and jobs with proper planning and management. Proposal Of Regulatory Structure In Malambia A regulatory Authority should be established in Malambia to ensure that ICT sector is regulated and that consumers are protected from unfair and get the service they pay for. There needs to be in place an affective Regulatory Authority to ensure credibility to ensure continued entry into the market and compliance with and enforcement of existing regulations. The authority shall issue Individual licenses delivery, monitor compliance to the rules and regulations, avoid cartels and anticompetitive tendencies on part of providers, ensure quality of service and ensure users are not cheated through high charges above the market prices. Putting In Rules And Regulation As indicated in the preamble, the current single fixed-line provider in Malambia is a government Institution under the ministry of Posts and Telecommunications. The current law cannot serve the commercial environment envisaged in the country. There is need to change the law and consequently, a regulatory authority and its independence. This calls for the following: making new policies and regulations that regulate network operation, frequency, numbers, IP addresses, liaise with regional and international organisations and manage disputes. Legal Framework Countries develop and adopt different laws and legal system depending on the local situations and the interests of those that make laws; the development of the Malambia regulatory framework, rules, laws, and regulations that identify contractual obligations and property rights of government and stakeholders must be developed basing on the local conditions while adopting best international norms and values. Requirements For The Regulatory Authority The Regulatory Authority in Malambia should incorporate International standards used and applied throughout the world. This will require the Regulatory Authority should ensure its independence, predictability, transparency, accountability, and capacity. Independence Of The Regulatory Authority The Regulatory Authority should be separate and independent in operation and strategic terms from the government agencies and the Ministry of Post and Telecommunications so that it can carry out its duties without undue influence from the government control. This will give operators and the public confidence in the neutrality of its decisions and will attract investors. Structure Of The Regulatory Authority Under the supervision of the Director General, the Regulatory body should have the department shown below:   Spectrum and International Department   Legal Affairs   Licensing E-Commerce   Technology Development Department   Regulatory Affairs   Finance   Support Services   Corporate Communications Rolling-Out Ict Coverage This chapter examines the possibility of widen the coverage of ICT throughout Malambia. It is expected that with increased revenue from the discovered oil more investment opportunities will attract even more investors. But with or without oil the country should start planning for the rollout through private investments. There is no doubt that ICT development is an engine in increasing the awareness of nationals and their role in development, education sector and competitiveness. The growth in the use of ICT in society should benefit the country in many forms; commerce and banking through e-banking and e-commerce, faster and cheap communication, through e-education, e-health and telemedicine. Internet Service Provision The role of the Internet in increasing the efficiency of economies in different countries as well as fastening and easing communication and thereby raising countries economies and consequently GDP cannot be overemphasised. Internet provision as a solution in developing and reaching undeveloped or underdeveloped areas has been successful in many poor countries including while increasing revenues both at national and individual levels among the population and Malambia should be no exception. Issuing licences to multi-operator Internet Services Providers (ISP) in Malambia will reduce the price of connectivity while promoting competition among players. Connectivity Of Broadband Leased line prices are high in many developing countries which operate under monopolistic single provider marketplaces. The Internet broadband connectivity and wireless mobile telephone reduce the cost of communication. The aim should be to increase Internet penetration, promote investment in wireless connectivity, and urge landline operators to deliver reliable services through leased lines and improve the quality of overall services provided. Introduction Of VoIP Services The Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) greatly reduces the cost of telephone calls and many operators around the world are using this to carry their international traffics. The Regulatory Authority will decide whether to licence this medium of communication bearing in mind the views of telephone operators as the use of VoIP may impact their profitability. The Regulator shall then decide how the two media can coexist and whether will be forfeited at the expense of the other. The decision of the Regulator should be independent from any external influence whether government or otherwise. Oil And Its Impact On Ict Development According to an expert from Texas, in the USA, the discovered oil reserves in Malambia, ‘will produce revenues by 2015†. Bearing in mind that the current Malambian GDP per capita is US$480, there is possibility that peoples incomes will rise while the government revenues will increase multi-fold. This will avail the resources needed resources to put in place the necessary infrastructure while increasing peoples disposable incomes through job creation and other horizontal synergies related to the oil industry and therefore their ability to demand and pay for services. Oil has many products such as: aviation fuels, petrol, kerosene, diesel, LPG, lubricating oils and bitumen. All these products will be used for different purpose to enhance the living standards, purchasing power, and lifestyle of Malambians hence the need to for improved quality of service in ICT. With a population 39 million whose incomes and the standard of living are improved the purchasing power will be a magnet to international investors in the ICT sector. Ict Expansion Strategies The expansion of ICT services in a liberalised economy is the responsibility of service providers, who according to the terms of licences they bided for, follow the clause stipulating spreading their services to cover the entire nation without overlooking areas because of the geography, remoteness or development. The Regulatory Authority will ensure that those terms are followed and no areas of the country are excluded. This will ensure that Malambians of all walks can access the ICT services. To attain the expansion of ICT coverage in Malambia there will be need for train of people to help others in the use of the different ICT applications. For example groups of people should be trained to help the majority of Malambians who cannot access and use the internet in â€Å"Internet Cafes†. Universal access, for instance using the Universal Access Fund, should be used to fund and make improvements in service delivery in Malambia particularly areas that are under serviced or people are illiterate to train peers who will in turn train others. Radical Proposals For Network Interconnectivity Introduction The Regulatory Authority in Malambia will define the rules of interconnection and also establish the rules by which the former monopolist interacts with the other new operators. Where there is fair-play Malambia will attract investors. The Regulator must allow the new ICT Operators to recover their investments through a pre-determined exclusive period. General Agreements On Interconnectivity The agreement is be based on what type of service is provided by providers namely fixed to fixed phone network, mobile to mobile phone network, fixed to mobile phone network, mobile to fixed phone network, and ISP to mobile or fixed phone network. It is possible for two or more networks to exchange traffic and inputs in legally referred to as interconnectivity and this should be facilitated by law. The Regulatory Authority put in place principles of connectivity and makes them known. Agreement among operators regarding interconnectivity should be forwarded to Regulatory Authority together with interconnection fees. The Regulator will then monitor the implementation, competition and intervene when necessary. Interconnection is non-discriminatory and an operator should not enter into agreement with another operator for interconnection fees different from the ones published by the regulatory authority. Whereas monitoring domestic interconnectivity within the country is easy and beneficial to the service providers, the regulatory body should find modalities for easing international interconnectivity between Malambia and other countries networks for the Malambians who call or receive international calls. This may be achieved by reaching agreements and understandings with regulatory bodies of other countries or using the WTO regulations. Requirements For Smooth Interconnectivity Connectivity is based on the principles transparency and non-discrimination; Agreement on interconnectivity should involve willing parties; The acceptable standard of quality of networks should be agreed on; Adequate capacity for interconnectivity should be provided by operators; The cost of interconnectivity should be agreed on prior to interconnecting; Technical matters and international standards on interconnectivity between Network providers should be agreed on; Dispute between and among interconnected parties should be resolved by Regulator. Interconnection Services National and International Call Termination; also known as voice termination, refers to the handing off or routing of telephone calls from one telephone company, also known as a carrier or provider, to another. The terminating point is the called party or end point. The originating point is the calling party who initiates the call. National and International Call Transit/ Roaming; Indirect Access Services; Refers to the access that a subscriber whose service is directly connected to the network of one carrier may have to the services provided by another carrier or service provider (Ovum 2003) Source : Byung W. Kim, Chang Y. Choo, Seong H. Seol (n. d.) Economic Effects of Indirect Access Regime in the Mobile Telecommunicaion Market [online] available from [1 April 2010] Other services the Regulatory Authority must take care in interconnectivity are: Physical Interconnection; Access to the Information on the Operator and Directory Enquiries; Access to Emergency Services; Additional services (Premium Rate and Free Phone services); Co-location. Handling Interconnectivity Disputes The Regulatory Authority should resolve disputes among operators through negotiations and application of the standards and laws. There should be room for negotiations before cases are taken to the Regulatory Authority. Operators should not abuse consumer rights and the Regulator should apply the law where it occurs. Parties that are not happy with resolutions of the Regulatory body may appeal to the courts of law. Interconnection Billing And Charges Interconnectivity bills and charges may be done several ways such as: Parties can make their own reconciliation, Bills may be exchanged within an agreed period of time at the end of a billing period ; Exchanging invoices after reconciliation; Interconnectivity agreements should indicate the currency of payment whether local currency or international; Payment agreements should stipulate the payment after receipt of invoices. It common practice that providers pay a certain amount amongst themselves for calls. Impact Of New Ict Services For A Rapid Economic Growth Introduction When innovative technologies, ICT services and improved technologies are initiated in Malambia, the national economy will be enhanced. Synergies will be created with these technologies and services which will improve the socio-economic wellbeing of Malambians. This is likely to improve the living standards, health, commerce, fiscal state of the government and investment climate in the country. New Technologies With new technology in the countrys communication networks living conditions will be improved. Some of those technologies are listed as following: a. Multimedia applications such as WiMAX will be introduce in Malambia and their use will impact the different spheres of Malambians. b. Improvement of ICTs in Malambia will lead to provision high speed and quality, the multimedia audio and video and information streaming through technologies like WiBRO. c. Subscription to Pay per view Television (PTV) whether analogue or digital cable and satellite based TV services and digital terrestrial methods will ease access to information. Other modern technologies, which may bring rapid development and transformation, in Malambia, are: NGNs, W-CDMA, ADSL, GSM 1900, HC-SDMA, UMTS, CDMA, EV-DO and many others. New Services In Transformation Of Socio-Economy In Malambia The ICTs reforms in Malambia should be the socio-economic development and transformation. There is relationship between access to telecommunication and per capita GDP. With better communication Malambians will trade and get informed. All ICT services in Malambia will transform the socio-economic transformation of the people while giving confidence to international investors. This makes it imperative to the reform of ICTs in the country. Underdeveloped as the country is, Malambia needs to introduce different services to better its economy. Where such services have been introduced sustainable development been realised. The services that should be the acquisitions of Internet domains and sites, ICT Research and technological development, development and design in semiconductor, e-democracy, e-learning, e-government, telemedicine, e-procurement, e-commerce, video conferencing. There are many benefits to the people of Rwanlawi from the use mobile phones technology such as: Business will increase and become cheaper with the use mobile phones and use of SMS to make orders for products and service as sellers and buyers will be in touch at any time of the day. It will be important in Telemedicine, the Doctors can check on the status of the patients where they m

Essay on Shirley Jacksons The Lottery - Inhumanity Exposed

Inhumanity Exposed in The Lottery The story entitled "The Lottery," written by Shirley Jackson is an intriguing and shocking parable. "The Lottery" is set in a small village on a clear summer day. Written in objective third person point of view, "The Lottery" keeps the reader in suspense as the story progresses. The story begins June 27th on a "clear and sunnyfull-summer day." From the very beginning, irony occurs in the story. The author describes the day as "clear and sunny, with the fresh warmth of a full-summer day; the flowers were blossoming profusely and the grass was richly green." To describe such a beautiful day when the ending is so ill fated, is very ironic. The villagers, all three hundred of them, gather in the square. There is a feeling of excitement and relative normalcy as the people talk of their everyday happenings. The lottery is conducted by Mr. Summers, as he is the one that directs the "civic activities" of the town. The night before the lottery, all of the families have their names placed in a black box. The day of the lottery, Mr. Summers has each head of family draw a slip of paper from the box. When each family has selected a slip, they all open the papers together. The Hutchinson's are the "winners." The process then repeats but this time, ... ...lso to show the dark side of American society and what it is capable of. This is similar to other points in history, such as: slavery, the Salem witch trials, and the extermination of the American Indians. All three of those examples involve inhumanity without the usual American apathy. Though inhumanity does exist, it is usually without active support. However in the examples mentioned before, people acted on their ordinarily latent barbarity. The Holocaust is another parallel to "The Lottery." The senseless genocide of the Jewish populace is very much similar to the ridiculousness of the lottery. In essence, "The Lottery," is a mirror of the human subconscious.

Vegetable Production

Vegetable Production – Not just planting a few seeds! The production of vegetables is very important in today’s society as we try to promote healthy living. Vegetables provide a major component to achieving a balanced and nutritious diet as they are a prime, convenient and natural source of minerals, vitamins, fibre and energy and are known not only to introduce essential nutrients to the diet but also to help to prevent diseases. Making vegetables available, through production, distribution and marketing, contributes strongly to their consumption and therefore also contributes to a healthier society.There are different approaches into how vegetables can be produced and grown and it depends entirely on the farmer, their approach to farming, and of course the resources available such as; machinery, technology, amenities and the acreage of land available for such a project. There are two general approaches to vegetable production that you must consider if you were to toy with the idea of growing some vegetables whether it be for your own consumption or maybe to supply the nation. These two general approaches are often described as; conventional farming or organic farming.Generally the conventional method involves the use of synthetic pesticides which may or may not be based on naturally occurring compounds to protect crops from diseases, pests and weeds. Crops which are genetically modified to resist or tolerate diseases, pests etc can also be used in this method of farming as a strategy for protecting crops. Crop nutrient management in conventional systems typically involves the application of synthetic fertilizers which can be tailored to meet the needs of specific combinations of vegetables and also include other factors such as soil, climate, water source availability etc.Organic vegetable farming on the other hand relies strongly on cultural & mechanical practises and biological principles for weed, pest, disease and nutrient management. Itâ₠¬â„¢s aim is to produce quality food in a manner beneficial to the environment and to wildlife. In order for a farmer to produce organic vegetables strict regulations and standards must be adhered to before the organic stamp can be used. This includes a restriction on the use of synthetic fertilizers or pesticides for crop management. Crop nutrients, pests and disease can be managed by using a variety of systems such as crop rotation, biological pest control, echanical cultivation or the application of organic amendments to the soil such as manure or compost. Natural pesticides and fertilizers may be used but these are subject to strict standards. Straw or plastic mulch can also be used to help suppress weeds, control pest access to crop, moderate soil temperature and prevent water loss from soil. Organic farmers must be more careful in their plant selection and rely much more heavily on research and information to schedule planting and harvesting practises.This is both in order to sustain the organic approach and also to produce healthier hardier plants through plant breeding as opposed to the genetic engineering methods employed in the conventional method. While both approaches to vegetable production must adhere to national and European regulations in Ireland it is obvious that the organic farmer faces a higher challenge to produce a consistent quantity and quality of vegetables. It seems that if you were to take a stroll down the organic route to production you may need to prepare yourself for some extra work!The approach of conventional or organic farming is essential to determining the other factors which must be considered for vegetable production. After deciding which type of approach you intend to follow to produce vegetables it is then necessary that you consider many other factors. The effect of the natural environment on the production of vegetables can be instrumental in determining the final yield of the farm from year to year. Vegetables can be produced in open fields, semi-enclosed or climate controlled structures or fully enclosed and climate controlled structures.Farms which grow crops in open fields such as potaotoes are limited in their control of such factors and their crops are fully exposed to weather, soil, pests and disease conditions. Fertilization, pest and disease strategies must be employed in order to manage crops and depending on the climate irrigation systems etc may also need to be put in place (not usually a problem in Ireland). Other farmers grow their crops such as tomatoes in semi-enclosed and climate controlled structures such as high tunnels.These high tunnels can extend the vegetable growing season for instance vegetables can be grown when conditions outside the tunnel may not allow this because the high tunnel can limit the exposure of the vegetables to undesirable natural conditions and can sometimes even create conditions more supportive for vegetable growth. For example; placing growing crops w ithin a high tunnel covered by a single layer of plastic shields them from the wind, rain and some pests and can support temperatures higher than that outside the tunnel.Greenhouses are an example of a fully enclosed and climate controlled environment and apart from the enclosed housing and climate control differ from open fields and semi-controlled structures as the vegetables are generally not rooted in naturally occurring soil and are often grown in pots or other containers which provide firm physical boundaries. Of course deciding how you wish to grow your vegetables may be entirely decided by the type of vegetables you wish to grow and depending on the amount and type of land available it may be possible to use only one or maybe all three methods.All of these methods can be used in order to produce certain vegetables all year round where spring and summer conditions may suit the open fields and high tunnel but greenhouses would be needed to produce vegetables in the winter. It evident so that first you must choose your approach to vegetable production, then decide which vegetable or vegetables you wish to produce and then of course decide how you wish to grow your crops whether it be in an open field or in large greenhouses etc.Careful planning and execution in key areas such as site selection, site preparation, planting, management during crop growth and development, harvesting and then distribution to whatever market your produce is destined for is paramount in having a successful and high quality producing vegetable farm. If you are blessed to have a choice of site then the type of soil, the size of the site, the total cost of the site (including tax, land, utilities), access to water, proximity to suppliers, industry etc must all be considered.The site then needs to be prepared for the type of vegetable production you wish to approach. For example in the case of open field; ploughing, dicing or other tillage is needed before planting. If using enclose d or climate structures these need to be assembled efficiently and appropriately according to the type of vegetable or vegetables being produced. Steps are then needed to prepare soil either with fertilizers or green manure and also to minimise weeds, pests and diseases either with pesticides or with the use of cultivation or mulches etc. Planting then needs to take place and depending n the size of the farm this can take place by hand or with machinery generally with each plant spaced a certain distant apart within rows and across rows depending on the type of crop. During the development of the crop a system needs to be put into place to manage the irrigation, fertilisation, weed, pest & disease control and growth of the crop to ensure the crop develops successfully with as little loss or waste as possible. A schedule for harvesting has to be organised and should be followed as closely as possible weather permitting, which unfortunately is not always an allowance in Ireland.Crops can be harvested by machine or by hand and keeping them free of abiotic and biotic contaminants during harvesting is important to ensure quality losses are minimised. Once harvested, it is then necessary to place crops into containers and have them distributed to whichever market they are destined. During all of this hard work it is also necessary to keep records of crop, facility and equipment repair and also to continue your own education as research and new ideas in this industry are always being developed. Evidently if you decide to become a vegetable farmer you don’t just throw a few seeds around in the back field and off you go.Education, preparation and alot of hard work are necessary in order to become successful in this type of farming. You must also consider the marketability of the vegetables you wish to grow and whether they are suited and will develop and grow well in the natural environment supplied to you. Also strict standards are in place for the appearance, shape, dimensions, weight, chemical properties etc of vegetables which can create extra burden and problems for farmers so preparing well and following schedules and procedures will lead to you being a happier more financially secure vegetable producer.Growing vegetables could be a rewarding challenging adventure if you prepare and educate yourself well considering all your options and what is available to you. Then with a bit of elbow grease and hard work you may find that you are producing vegetables which not only benefits society but also may benefit you and increase your bank balance!

Indigenous Australians Experience A Much Lower Life...

Indigenous Australians experience a much lower life-expectancy than the national average, and are substantially more prone to developing diseases and long-term disability leading to a reduced quality of life. One of the most significant contributors to the ATSI population’s health and wellbeing is their geographical location, in particular, looking at their access to health services and adequate nutrition. Access to Health Services/Facilities Access to health services and facilities is one of the largest influences on the health status of the ATSI population. Access to health services is concerned with allowing all individuals the opportunity to obtain and use appropriate heath care resources in order to improve and/or maintain their health. There is a large range of health services delivered to Australians through various streams including; public health services (preventative care – screenings and immunisations), primary and community health care (GP’s, ambulance, community health services), hospital care (public/private, psychiatric, nursing) and specialised health services (specialist medical practitioners, drug/alcohol treatment, mental health, etc.). Access can be measured by monitoring the use of health care services and facilities, through epidemiology, and through other measures such as waiting times for treatment, bed availability, etc. Indigenous Australians living in rural and remote geographical locations account for approximately 25% of the ATSI populationShow MoreRelatedWhat Does It Mean For The Health Of A Nation? Essay1648 Words   |  7 PagesAustralians have one of the highest life expectancies in the world, but does this mean we are healthy? What does it mean to measure the health of a nation? And can we say, with such a diverse population, that we are doing better or worse across the board? Death rates continue to drop in Australia, and not only are people living longer, but they are living with more years free of disability. We have access to increasingly innovative and sophisticated health care, including improved detection, diagnosisRead MoreMarxism and Health Care1239 Words   |  5 Pagesemployed in regards to health can be further explored through the analysis of fundamental Marxist ideologies. The fundamental basis of Marxist theology has strong links to health as it is concerned with the distinction between the upper class and the lower class. In particular Marxism explores the working classes inability to exercise adequate control over the determinants of health. Through extensive analysis of Marxism’s various theories regarding health it becomes highly evident that when used asRead MorePrior To European Invasion And Settlement, Aboriginal Australians1590 Words   |  7 PagesPrior to European invasion and settlement, Aboriginal Australians enjoyed a non-sedentary lifestyle that concentrated upon maintaining and sustaining their country, relationships and ecosystems. Anderson et al (2006 ) state that ‘Precontact health care systems’ were focused upon the inter-relationships of land, people, the living and non-living entities and creator beings. If the land was not cared for, it got sick, and so would all other beings related to the land, including the people (AndersonRead MoreThe Inequalities Surrounding Indigenous Health2028 Words   |  9 PagesThe Inequalities Surrounding Australian Indigenous Health Inequality in health is one of the most controversial topics within Australian Health Care. Inequality in relation to health is defined as being â€Å"differences in health status or in the distribution of health determinants between different population groups† (World Health Organization, 2012). Within Australia inequality affects a wide range of population groups; however Indigenous Australians are most widely affected therefore this paperRead MoreEssay about Indigenous Health1500 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"The status of Indigenous health in contemporary Australia is a result of historic factors as well as contemporary socio-economic issues† (Hampton Toombs, 2013, p. 1). The poor health position of Indigenous Australians is a contemporary reflection of their historical treatment as Australia’s traditional owners. This treatment has led to Indigenous Australians experiencing social disadvantages, significantly low socio-economic status, dispossession, poverty and powerlessness as a direct resultRead MoreHealth And Indigenous Australian Peoples Essay2350 Words   |  10 PagesSOUTHERN CROSS UNIVERSITY ASSIGNMENT COVER SHEET Student: Anushia Bentley Student ID No.: 22413376 Unit Name: Health and Indigenous Australian Peoples Unit Code: CUL0048-2016-2 Tutor’s name: Liz Rix Assignment No.: 3 Assignment Title: Bentley Anushia 22413376 assignment 3 Essay Due date: 15th September 2016 (extension approved) Declaration: I have read and understand the Rules Relating to Awards (Rule 3 Section 18 – Academic Misconduct Including Plagiarism) as contained in the SCU Policy LibraryRead MoreThe Indigenous Populations of Australia2028 Words   |  9 PagesThe Indigenous Populations of Australia In recent years, there has been an apparent growth of the Indigenous population of Australia driven, in part, by an increasing willingness on the part of many Australians to acknowledge/assert their Aboriginality (ABS, 2003). As at 30 June 2001, the AboriginalRead MoreAustalian Indigenous People and Their Traditional Medicines Essay2750 Words   |  11 PagesFor thousands of years Indigenous peoples have been the guardians of our environment and its medicines. Their knowledge has been built on a holistic communal view of humanity, society, health and its links to the ecosystem. Sadly enough widely reported evidence shows that they are among the most marginalised and disadvantaged people within many nations. Often their environment was destroyed, land appropriated and they have the worst health indicators(1). The World Health Organisation argues thatRead MoreThe Psychological Impact Of Prejudice And Discrimination Towards Indigenous Australians Essay1823 Words   |  8 PagesClosing the gap refers to a formal commitment by the Australian government to address Indigenous disadvantage. In comparison to Non-Indigenous Australians; Indigenous Australians face significant diff erences like poorer health, lower levels of education and employment. The goal of this paper is to describe and explain the psychological impact of prejudice and discrimination towards Indigenous Australians, to describe and explain the role of self-fulfilling prophecy in the perpetuation of negativeRead MoreWhy Culturally Safe Nursing Practice2161 Words   |  9 Pagesbetween Indigenous and non-Indigenous populations (AIHW, 2014). This paper will examine why culturally safe nursing practice, through cultural competence, is a key strategy for reducing inequalities in access to healthcare. This paper will additionally define what is meant by cultural competency, and how culturally competent nursing practice is significant and beneficial to the health of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander (ATSI) populations. In Australia, minority populations such as Indigenous Australians

The Harmful Side Effects of Cancer Treatments - 917 Words

Cancer treatments helpful or harmful When a person gets a diagnosis of cancer their first thought is of dying. The second is the extreme debilitating treatments they must endure to hopefully extend their lives. When they are faced with this decision they know it is a battle between two evils. My mother-in-law is battling thyroid and breast cancer, and having endured two surgeries says the treatments are the worst part of the battle. â€Å"So while oncology physicians may tout cancer treatments as the only hope for recovery, there is a possibility that these treatments do more harm than good.† There are several treatment options in the fight against cancer (surgery, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, stem cell transplant and bone marrow and cord blood transplants etc.) The two most commonly used treatments are chemotherapy that uses drugs to destroy cancer cells, and radiation therapy that uses high-energy radiation to kill cancer cells by damaging their DNA. Aside from killing cancer cells treatment’s cause many more problems for the patient, including treatment induced diseases and death. Cancer treatments can cause physical, emotional and financial problems for the patient. â€Å"In a telephone interview study done and posted in the Journal of clinical oncology (Mazor KM, et.al; 2012) (p.1784-90) 416 patients were interviewed out of those ninety-three believed something had gone wrong in their care. Things that they believe were preventable and caused or could haveShow MoreRelatedCauses And Risk Of Breast Cancer1026 Words   |  5 PagesCauses risk of breast cancer Breast cancer is a disorder that mostly happens to women, as for men it is very rare. BRCA1 and BRCA2 work as DNA but when they are not replaced correctly it can lead to cancer. When BRCA1 and BRCA2 is mutated, or altered , such that its protein produced either is not made or doesn’t function correctly, DNA damage might no be repaired properly. When you have breast cancer you can also be at risk of lots of other cancers. The process of BRCA1 and BRCA2 usually happensRead MoreCancer Is The Second Largest Cause Death Of The United States Of America1562 Words   |  7 PagesCancer is the second largest cause of death in the United States of America, overall, according to the CDC, clocking in at around 575,691 lives in 2013 alone. Countless people have been affected or know someone who has been affected by cancer, and the search for a cure has been raging on for decades. Renal cancers, or cancer of the kidneys, the two bean shaped organs located to the right and left adjacent to a person’s spine, is the fifth most common form of cancer within the United States, affectingRead MoreA Better Safer Alternative Treatment1378 Words   |  6 PagesThe word cancer strikes fear into the hearts of many people and their loved ones. Millions of people are diagnosed every year and they put their full trust into their doctors to make the best decisions and offer the most effective treatment. However people tend to be more frightened of the treatment itself because traditional cancer therapies produce scary symptoms such as vomiting, pain, and hair loss. The treatments leave patients feeling extremely weak and fatigued. Most patients believe thatRead MoreApplying Chemistry to Fighting Cancer Essay912 Words   |  4 Pageswas said to have an estimated 1.6 million cancer patients. The majority of cancer patients turn to chemotherapy in hope to kill off all the spreading cancer cells so they can have a chance to live again. Chemotherapy is defined as the use of any d rug to treat any disease, however people most commonly associate chemotherapy with drugs used to treat cancer. Although chemotherapy could be very effective, the rate of success solely depends on the type of cancer the patient has and could potentially beRead MoreTaking the High Road to Legalize Marijuana1302 Words   |  5 Pagessubstances known to man. By any measure of rational analysis, marijuana can be safely used within the supervised routine of medical care.† Francis Young, DEA Administrative Law Judge, stated. Marijuana was thought of as a drug that was enormously harmful to the user’s health and well-being, but the truth about it is that if used correctly, marijuana has the ability to alleviate a variety of medical conditions, some that were thought to be â€Å"untreatable.† An immense amount of research and evidence hasRead MoreThe Death Of Breast Cancer1386 Words   |  6 PagesBreast cancer isn’t a death sentence as it was before. Women used to fear being diagnosed with this disease because there was no cure for it. Breast cancer has been around for centuries, but the advancement of medicine has increased the chances of survival, and in the future the improvements will be even greater. The first mention of breast cancer was documented in Egypt in 1600 B.C. It was considered a mysterious disease with no cure to it. In The Edwin Smith Papyrus, there are eight cases of tumorsRead MoreChanges In Change In Treatments : A Historical Perspective1213 Words   |  5 Pages Changes in Treatments: A Historical Perspective Word Count Introduction Health is a field of science that is constantly changing, whether it’s referring to what we believe to be healthy or what we do to improve our own health. The way we treat illnesses is a good example to show how health has changed throughout history. Traditional medical practices did not rely on the advanced technology that our practices rely on today. Traditional medicinal practices relied on herbalism,Read MoreTaking a Look at Cancer1508 Words   |  6 PagesCANCER Cancer is the transformation of normal cells into malignant (harmful) cells. This transformation is the consequence of a genetic mutation of the DNA in normal cells due to an overexposure to carcinogens, chemicals, radiation, trauma, viral infections or chronic inflammations. According to the Canadian Cancer Society, â€Å"in 2013 over 500 Canadians were to be diagnosed with cancer everyday, and over 200 Canadians were to die from it everyday† (http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-101/cancer-statistics-at-a-glance/Read MoreSupport Marijuana Legalization Now! Essay1676 Words   |  7 Pagesagainst the wall causing bruising. However, since after treatment with marijuana (also called cannabis), Alexs illness was significantly improved. His parents curb his seizures by giving him a liquid form of marijuana by mouth 3 times a week. For Alexs family, the benefits of marijuana are greater than the risks. For us, the long-term side effects that are unknown for somet hing that cant kill him are a lot better than the long-term side effects of him beating himself bloody, his dad said (MosbergenRead MoreResearch Techniques For Better Engineer Medicines Essay1741 Words   |  7 Pagesmedicine more personalized and tailoring them to a patient’s body chemistry can greatly reduce the risk of side effects and can make treatment more efficient. This can be done by using information about the patient’s genetic makeup and where the disease is localized in order to target the infected cells specifically. We have decided to narrow down our research on cancer, specifically leukemia. Cancer can result from any number of genetic mutations and these malfunctions can lead to an unmanageable division

Essay about The Declaration Then And Now - 1348 Words

The Declaration Then and Now nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The year was sixteen hundred and eighty-nine and a man by the name of John Locke wrote Second Treatise on Government (Zinn 73). In it, Locke wrote that in a natural state everyone, all people, are born free and equal, and possess certain rights. He said that these â€Å"natural rights† were life, liberty, and property. He also said that the evildoers who conspired to deprive others of their life, liberty, or property ruined the good life of the state of nature (Locke). The only way to protect these rights is by joining together to form governments. The power of government, then, stems from the consent of the governed, which entrust the government with responsibility for protecting†¦show more content†¦They were now a free country. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Two hundred and twenty-five years ago, Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Independence. The words he wrote were, â€Å"We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness (Jefferson 685). â€Å"†¦created equal†¦,† those are very powerful words. Equality, meaning being the same, on the same level, no one higher or lower than the other, but can we honestly say that racism is no longer prevalent in our country? Of course not, the recent incidents, such as Rodney King, James Byrd, Abner Louima, and Amadou Diallo, proves that. In an article entitled, â€Å"Racism Down But Not Out in the US Government Study Finds†, published on September 22, 2000, Assistant Secretary of State, Harold Koh reported to the United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, â€Å"Americ a’s struggle to secure racial equality remains incomplete. The residual effects of slavery and institutionalized racism can still be seen in the lingering disparity between blacks and whites in income, levels of education, and health care and rates of incarceration in our nation’s prisons†. Koh too, mentioned the recent incidents that have happened saying that, â€Å"we have not yet met the challenge of creating a color-blind society† (Husain 1). nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;It is not just African AmericansShow MoreRelatedThe Declaration Of Independence : What Shaped And Provided The Freedom The United States Of America1030 Words   |  5 PagesAbstract The declaration of Independence is what shaped and provided the freedom the United States of America has today. The Declaration of Independence today is looked at a symbol for America to reflect on as it paved the way for most of the rights we have today. 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The events leading to the signing of the Declaration of Independence played a key role in it. â€Å"Resolved, that these United Colonies, are and of right to be free and independent states.†(Declaration of Independence). That quote, coming from the Declaration of Independence, pretty much sums up the reason for the writing of the Declaration of Independence, becoming independent from the rule of Great BritainRead MoreEssay on Declaration Of Independence538 Words   |  3 Pages The Declaration of Independence was written to show a new theory of government, reasons why they were separating from England, and a formal declaration of war. It gave the 13 colonies freedom from Englands laws. The man responsible for writing the Declaration was Thomas Jefferson. He wrote the Declaration between June 11, 1776 and June 28, 1776. Benjamin Franklin and John Adams looked at what Jefferson had written and made some changes to the Declaration. On July 4, 1776 Congress adopted the DeclarationRead More Modern Day Relevance of The Declaration of Independence Essay969 Words   |  4 PagesModern Day Relevance of The Declaration of Independence The Declaration of Independence is one of the most important documents produced by an American thinker. Reading The Declaration of Independence presents the reader with a window into the world of revolutionary America. It conveys the dynamic nature of the time better than any written work of the period. The real importance of The Declaration of Independence lies not in the purpose for which Jefferson created it, to declare independenceRead MoreAnalysis of the Declaration of Independence Essay1040 Words   |  5 PagesAnalysis of The Declaration of Independence The Declaration of Independence by Thomas Jefferson was made in order to give the colonists a way to break free from the shackles of King George. This document has affected the building blocks of the United States and is one of the most important documents in U.S. history. The Declaration of Independance was the foundation of what this country was based on. However, what Jefferson and the other signers might not have expected is the strech, the firmRead MoreDeclaration Of Independence : Slaves, Women And Native Indians1062 Words   |  5 PagesEssay: Option 1 Declaration of Independence: Slaves, Women and Native Indians On July 4,1776 Second Continental Congress adopted a statement to fight against the unfair British Monarchy and promote the People’s Law and Republicanism by forming their own country. This statement is called â€Å"Declaration of Independence†. It was originally composed by Thomas Jefferson and later updated by the Congress.The declaration explains the reasons for thirteen states to seek republicanism and be independentRead MoreDeclaration Of Independence Essay examples504 Words   |  3 Pagesnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;A democracy is a system of government controlled by the people, not by one certain group or individual. In the Declaration of Independence it states that â€Å"all men are created equal,† an idea which leads to the concept that all citizens should have the same rights, responsibilities, and influence in the governing of their country. In writing the Declaration of Independence Thomas Jefferson was trying to break his ties with the harsh and non-de mocratic rule of the British and begin a

Global Business Marketing and Policy

Question: Discuss about the Global Business Marketing and Policy. Answer: Introduction: Brazil is a fast rising economy in the South America with a population greater than one million, and currently, it's the fifth largest country in popularity after China, India, United States, and Indonesia. Additionally, the country's Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is great considering its consumer's Purchasing Power Parity (PPP), thus, making it the seventh largest economy globally (Chequer, 2012). Significantly, the nation is rich in biological and agricultural diversity with a possibility in mining and energy sector. Relatively, Brazil boasts of a well-developed infrastructure, a broad business base that consists of textile, shoes, cement, pulp, and computer industries and a distinct marketing structure that makes it one of the most preferred countries for direct investment (Alves, F. (2013). Conversantly, Pinatex is a sustainable and none-woven textile product developed through processing of pineapple leave fiber, and its origin is in Philippine. Moreover, it's a biodegradable material considering that natural substance is used in its production, thus, making it non-pollutant to the environment. The merchandise is of high quality and can be used to make a range of commodities such as shoes, handbags, laptop cases, and watch bands (ananas anam, 2017). Therefore the report gives an analysis of possible environmental variables that might impact the marketing of the product in Brazil. Pinatex was first developed in Philippine through processing of pineapple wastes, thus, no additional land, fertilizers or pesticides required in its production. Additionally, the product is environmentally friendly with an International Standard Organizations (ISO) acceptance, hence, suitable for use by the majority of world's consumer. Notably, it provides a broad range of commodities that targets various clients such as shoes, handbags, jackets, watch bands, and laptop cases (ananas anam, 2017). Significantly, Brazil provides a better marketing destination for the product considering its fast rising economy compared to other countries in South America. Also, the majority of population are below age fifty-five with a higher purchasing power for various products, hence, an opportunity for developing a relationship with consumers (Chequer, 2012). Moreover, the country's online utility has risen providing a proper internet marketing of the merchandise through social media such as Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter. Conversantly, the nation's reduction in the populace of persons living in poverty and increasing the middle-class populace by various government projects has helped in raising the state's purchasing power. Besides, it has a diverse cultural and social life that majorly consists of Portuguese, Italian, German, Japanese, and African immigrants. Development of infrastructure and democratic government facilitates a conducive environment for investments by different companies (Chequer, 2012). Environmental Analysis of Pinatex Export to Brazil History indicates that for a country to succeed in economic growth, the state department has to be involved in creating markets for the nation's products, nurturing businesses, promoting technological advancement, and developing infrastructure through the removal of trade barriers that hinders growth (Salazar, Nbler, Kozul, 2014). Furthermore, the Nation's constitution facilitates for international development as long as the investment confers to States priority of economic growth through agriculture, technology, and the creation of products that currently are imported. As such, political stability and bestowment of some political powers to the federal government enable foreign investment and enhancement of country's economic progression. Significantly, foreign investment is permitted in large market sectors but face legal control by the States Central Bank, thus, confining transactions to foreign exchange regulations. Additionally, overseas companies are required to create either a branch or use a local industry to enhance its business since authorization for a subsidiary industry requires presidential assent (Chequer, 2012). Therefore, numerous international enterprises incorporate subordinate or affiliated firms to market their products as the formation of an outlet entails adverse tax effects and various charges. However, to enhance living standards in the region, the government offers assistance to investors that need financial and advisory services (Hermann, Gentil, 2016). Notably, the inflation rate is controlled by the Central Bank that checks on interest rates periodically, hence, enhancing the purchasing power of consumers. The current concern for environmental protection and increased awareness of global warming and pollutions by the majority of customers has affected the way most businesses operates. This has led to use of environmentally friendly production procedures that are licensed by green labels for firms that export their merchandise to Brazil (Jabbour, Santos, Fonsec, Nagano, 2013). Additionally, the Republic is known for its complicated and strict imposition of environmental laws that protect, conserve, and enhance sustainable utilization of its nature since its economic growth depends on agriculture. Therefore, enactment of The Environmental Control and Inspection Tax (TCFA) aids in preventing pollution that is propelled by industries by levying charges on potential polluting activities (Jabbour, Santos, Fonsec, Nagano, 2013). Additionally, firms operations are subject to environmental permitting through indication of forms of production and protection plans to environmental degradation. However, Pinatex is an environmental friendly commodity as its creation entails the use of biodegradable materials that consist of pineapple leaves, and also it involves an ISO certification. Therefore, the product meets the standard requirement of environmental policies enacted by the Brazilian authority that enhance better chances of its promotion and adoption by customers. Brazilian population growth rate and investment are increasing tremendously with majority of the populace being less than sixty years of age. Additionally, it comprises of different ethnic backgrounds such as Portuguese, Germans, Chinese, Indians, and African Americans creating a broad consumer base for products (Chequer, 2012). Notably, most of the citizens live in the urban areas that mainly consists of diverse personalities, and majorly they are the largest consumers of industrial commodities. Conversantly, social gap between the wealthy and poor in community is minimal as most of the governments project aids in uplifting the unfortunate (Martins et al., 2015). Moreover, Portuguese is the official language used in the Republic, hence, boosts product penetration in the market since majority share a common dialect. Also, Roman Catholicism is the most practiced religion though there is an exercise of one's freedom of worship. Relatively, the education standards of the inhabitants are moderately high with the majority of youths making it to higher levels of learning and 80% of the adult individuals considered to be learned (Alves, 2013). Technological Issues Advancement in technology has affected ways in which businesses operates by enhancing competition within various industries. Additionally, inventions have led to reduced production costs and profit maximization by many companies that incorporates the techniques. However, the development of Internet technology has revolutionized marketing strategy for most firms since many consumers currently have smartphones that can access the internet (Karodia, Soni, David, 2014). In Brazil, most of its population browse on various social networks spending at least three hours of their time. Therefore, this makes it a logical passer way into the world scene unlike other countries such as China that restricts use of social networks such as Facebook, YouTube, and Twitter (Souza, 2015). Hence, the incorporation of strategic and efficient online marketing of pinatex shall enhance quick and easy adoption of the merchandise by online users. Significantly, use of promoting Media such as televisions, radio, and print media will enable spread of the product to rural areas of the country (Goodrich Mooij, 2014). The Brazilian economy has been on a steady rise over the past decades regarding GDP. The growth has led to increased number of middle-class populations while reducing the rate of poverty and inequality in the country. The noticeable positive changes link to rising income level and employment as well as growth in states social spending and activities (Weisbrot, Johnston, Lefebvre, 2014). Significantly, the country has reduced its trade barriers on both export and import of products, hence, encourage the importation of substitute commodities when local industries hike their prices or during shortages for local goods (Alves, 2013). Notably, the majority of Brazilian residents consists of skilled and semi-skilled individuals that eventually provides sufficient labor force. Moreover, the locals embrace international industries that promote employment and compete on a transparent footage with the domestic firms. Also, the Nation's dependence on farming for most of its industries acts as an advantage to the product's marketing since its development is through agricultural goods (Weisbrot, Johnston, Lefebvre, 2014). Conversantly, the States participation in various trade blocs like World Trade Organization facilitates enterprise operations in the country since there is coordination of the macroeconomic policies (Ferraz, Kupfer, Marques, 2014). Industrial Competition The rate of competition in the textile industry is high with majority being both local and international firms, hence, tends to control product prices. This is due to high production of raw materials and suitable business environment in the country since the primary economic driver is agriculture (Birnleitner, Student, 2013). Therefore, to enhance success of Pinatex in the market, product differentiation, and strategic marketing analysis are to be embraced such as branding and integration of small distribution channels (Souza, 2015). Conclusion Government policies and regulations that confine to increasing the living standards of its inhabitants enhances the ease of investing in Brazil. Additionally, the country's economic rise through increased GDP that is facilitates increased purchasing power of its citizen's makes the nation a suitable spot for trade. Moreover, complex and strict environmental laws in the State deters other companies from investing in the Republic since most of the commodities are required to be environmentally friendly. Significantly, adoption of social networks by residents enables smooth marketing over the internet, hence, making Brazil prone to foreign investments. Therefore, export of Pinatex to Brazil is viable since it's environmentally friendly, thus, will be embraced both by the people and government in a bid to promote green technology. References Alves, F. (2013). Doing Business and Investing in Brazil (1st ed., pp. 11-66). Brasilia: pwc. Retrieved from https://www.pwc.de/de/internationale-maerkte/assets/doing-business-and-investing-in-brazil.pdf Birnleitner, H., Student, D. (2013). Influence of Macro-Environmental Factors to the Process of Integrating a Foreign Business Entity. InMIC 2013: Industry, Science and Policy Makers for Sustainable Future; Proceedings of the 14th International Conference, Koper, 2123 November 2013 [Selected Papers](pp. 387-400). University of Primorska, Faculty of Management Koper. Chequer, T. (2012). Guide to Doing Business in Brazil (1st ed., pp. 3-30). Mayer Brown LLP. Retrieved from https://tauilchequer.com.br/files/uploads/TCDocuments/Guide_to_Doing_Business_in_Brazil.pdf de Souza Almeida, L. M. (2015). Targeting Brazilian Market through Digital Branding Strategies: The Relevance of the Cultural Dimension. Open Journal of Business and Management, 3(01), 30. Ferraz, J. C., Kupfer, D., Marques, F. S. (2014). Industrial policy as an effective development tool: Lessons from Brazil.TRANSFORMING ECONOMIES, 291. Goodrich, K., De Mooij, M. (2014). How socialare social media? A cross-cultural comparison of online and offline purchase decision influences.Journal of Marketing Communications,20(1-2), 103-116. Introducing Piatex - ananas anam. (2017). ananas anam. Retrieved 16 April 2017, from https://www.ananas-anam.com/pinatex/ Jabbour, C. J. C., Santos, F. C. A., Fonseca, S. A., Nagano, M. S. (2013). Green teams: understanding their roles in the environmental management of companies located in Brazil.Journal of Cleaner Production,46, 58-66. Karodia, A. M., Soni, D., David, J. E. (2014). International competitiveness, globalization and technology for developing countries: some reflections from previous research. Singaporean Journal of Business, Economics and Management Studies, 2(9), 25-34. Martins, G. D. F., Gonalves, T. R., Marin, A. H., Piccinini, C. A., Sperb, T. M., Tudge, J. (2015). Social class, workplace experience, and child-rearing values of mothers and fathers in southern Brazil.Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology,46(8), 996-1009. Salazar-Xirinachs, J. M., Nbler, I., Kozul-Wright, R. (2014). Transforming economies: Making industrial policy work for growth, jobs and development. International Labour Office. Weisbrot, M., Johnston, J., Lefebvre, S. (2014). The Brazilian economy in transition: Macroeconomic policy, labor and inequality. Center for Economic and Policy Research.